Dai Li (Chinese: 戴笠; pinyin: Dài Lì; May 28, 1897 – March 17, 1946), courtesy name Yunong, was a Chinese lieutenant general and spymaster. Dai was born in Jiangshan, Zhejiang and later studied at the Whampoa Military Academy, where Chiang Kai-shek served as Chief Commandant, and later became head of the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics (BIS) within the Nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC).
Dai Li 戴笠 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Director of the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics | |
| In office 1928 – 17 March 1946 | |
| President | Chiang Kai-shek |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Mao Renfeng |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 28 May 1897 Jiangshan, Zhejiang, Qing dynasty China |
| Died | 17 March 1946 (aged 48) Nanjing, Republic of China |
| Political party | Kuomintang |
| Other political affiliations | Blue Shirts Society |
| Spouse | Mao Xiucong (1915–1939) |
| Education | Whampoa Military Academy |
| Awards | Order of Blue Sky and White Sun |
| Nicknames |
|
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Republic of China |
| Years of service | 1927–1946 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Battles/wars | |
| Dai Li | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 戴笠 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Courtesy name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 雨農 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 雨农 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Birth name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 戴春風 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 戴春风 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Early years
editBorn Dai Chunfeng, he was just four years old when his father died, leaving his mother to raise him. At the age of six, Dai was enrolled in a private academy the Linsen elementary school, to study Chinese classics; he later graduated as valedictorian from Wenxi County Elementary School. His mother could not afford to send him to university, so at the age of 16 he had to leave home and make his own way in the world. With no steady income or guidance, he began living on the streets of Shanghai. Until 1923, he was mentored by labor organizer and hitman Wang Yaqiao. Dai Chunfeng soon became a skilled gambler who could often be found in one of Shanghai's many casinos, trying to win enough money to make ends meet. It was in a Shanghai casino that he met Du Yuesheng, head of the criminal organization known as the "Green Gang".[citation needed]
Through Du Yuesheng, he later met Chiang Kai-shek. It is unclear when Chiang and Dai first met, but it was probably around 1921. Dai later lost all his money and was forced to return to Bao'an. In 1927,[citation needed] Dai met his elementary school friend Mao Renfeng, who suggested that Dai enroll in the Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou, where Chiang served as Superintendent-Commandant (1924-1947). Dai followed the suggestion, obtained a letter of recommendation from Du Yuesheng, and made his way to Guangzhou. In 1925, Dai enrolled in the 1st Student Regiment of the Sixth Class of the KMT Officer Training Academy.[1] At this time, he changed his name to "Dai Li," which in Chinese refers to an assassin's hooded veil, reflecting the clandestine nature of his planned future career.[2] Chiang soon made him a student informant to spy on Communist activities within the academy, where he played an instrumental role in the Zhongshan Warship Incident of March 1926.[citation needed]
Role in KMT
edit
As chief of Kuomintang (KMT) Army Intelligence in China, Dai Li helped establish China's first modern intelligence organization in 1928: the "Clandestine Investigation Section" directly under the headquarters of the Northern Expeditionary Army, with the goal of winning the war early, quelling nationwide unrest, and minimizing loss of life by making the best use of military and political intelligence. By the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, this small section would evolve into the very complex and controversial Investigation and Statistics Bureau of the Chinese National Military Council, which was the predecessor of the Military Intelligence Bureau of the Ministry of National Defense of Taiwan.[citation needed]
The benign title of the Investigation and Statistics Bureau belied the true nature of its secret police work, which made Dai one of the most powerful men in Republican China. Dai was also the head of the Blue Shirts Society, an ultra-nationalist organization that provided security and intelligence for Chiang. In the 1930s and 1940s, his agents in the Military Statistics Bureau (then the KMT's military intelligence agency) successfully penetrated the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Imperial Japanese puppet organizations.[citation needed]
To suppress Communist activities, Dai employed extra-judicial means including assassination, arbitrary arrests, and torture, with Chiang's explicit or tacit approval.[3]
Dai cooperated with the United States during World War II, learning new methods of espionage and growing his guerrilla force to some 70,000 men. In return for the partnership, he provided maps of the southern Chinese coast, intelligence on Japanese maneuvers, and safe haven for downed Allied aircrew. After the signing of the Sino-American Cooperative Organization Treaty in 1942, Dai was appointed head of Sino-American intelligence activities.[citation needed]
While he shunned public entertainment and remained a mysterious figure to his countrymen, Dai was privately known for his wild drinking parties.[citation needed]
Death
editDai died in a plane crash on March 17, 1946. It was speculated that this may have been arranged by the Chinese Communist Party's intelligence and security chief, Kang Sheng, of the Central Social Affairs Department (SAD). Rumors circulated that the crash had been arranged by the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) because of Dai's anti-Americanism,[4] since it occurred on an American plane.[5]
References
edit
- ^
Wakeman, Frederic (2003). Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service. Philip E. Lilienthal book. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 396. ISBN 9780520234079. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
There are at least three different accounts of the way in which Dai Li managed to get admitted to the Wampoa Military Academy.
- ^ "搜狐视频大视野：军统江山帮的覆灭第1集：江山如梦". 搜狐视频. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ^ Fang, Qiang (2024). "Understanding the Rule of Law in Xi's China". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9789087284411. JSTOR jj.15136086.
- ^ Lovell 1964, pp. 48–50.
- ^ "俞劍鴻觀點：戴笠的幾個可能性-風傳媒". 25 April 2021.
- Lovell, Stanley P (1964). Of spies & stratagems. Pocket Books. ASIN B0007ESKHE.
- Wakeman, Frederic E. Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
- Military Intelligence B – History