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The symplast of a plant is the region enclosed by the cell membranes, within which water and solutes can diffuse freely. By contrast the apoplast is any fluid-filled space within the cell wall and extracellular space.[1] Neighbouring cells are interconnected by microscopic channels known as plasmodesmata that traverse the cell walls. These channels, allow the flow of small molecules such as sugars, amino acids, and ions between cells (from the inner part of one cell to the inner part of the next cell). Larger molecules, including transcription factors and plant viruses, can also be transported through with the help of actin structures. The symplast allows direct cytoplasm-to-cytoplasm flow of water and other nutrients along concentration gradients. In particular, symplastic flow is used in the root systems to bring in nutrients from soil.[clarification needed] Nutrient solutes move in this way through three skin layers of the roots: from cells of the epidermis, the outermost layer, through the cortex into the endodermis.
Once solutes in the soil water reach the endodermal cells through apoplastic flow, they are forced into the symplastic pathway due to the presence of the Casparian strip. Once the solutes are passively filtered[clarification needed], they eventually reach the pericycle, where they can be moved into the xylem for long-distance transport.
History
editSymplastic transport was first realized by Eduard Tangl in 1879, who also discovered plasmodesmata,[2] a term coined by Eduard Strasburger, 1901.[3][4] In 1880, Hanstein coined the term symplast.[5] The contrasting terms apoplast and symplast were used together in 1930 by Münch.[6][7]
References
edit- ^ Freeman, Scott (2014). Biological Science. Boston: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 9780321743671.
- ^ Köhler, Piotr; Carr, Denis J. (2006). "Eduard Tangl (1848-1905) - discoverer of plasmodesmata". Huntia. 12 (2): 169–172.
- ^ Tangl, E. (1879). Ueber offene Communicationen zwischen den Zellen des Endosperms einiger Samen. Jahrbüecherfüer Wissenschaftliche Botanik 12: 170–190.
- ^ Strasburger, E. (1901). Über plasmaverbindungen pflanzlicher zellen. Jahrbücher für Wissenschaftliche Botanik 36: 493–610.
- ^ Hanstein, J. 1880. Das Protoplasma. Heidelberg.
- ^ Münch, E (1930). Die Stoffbewegungen in der Pflanze. Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena.
- ^ Pickard, W. F. (2003). The role of cytoplasmic streaming in symplastic transport. Plant, Cell & Environment 26: 1-15, [1].
See also
edit- Apoplast
- Plant sap
- Polar auxin transport, a type of cell-to-cell transport
- Protoplast
- Tonoplast
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