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Summit of the Americas

The Summit of the Americas (SOA) is an international summit meeting that brings together the leaders of countries in the Organization of American States (OAS). Cuba was expelled from the OAS under pressure from the United States after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Cuba participated in the 2015 summit in Panama, and sent its foreign minister to the subsequent 2018 summit in Peru.[1][2] In the early 1990s, the formerly ad hoc summits were institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade.[3] The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the OAS, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner at the 5th Summit of the Americas (Port-of-Spain)

The last summit to take place was the 9th Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles, United States of America from June 8–10, 2022.

List of summits edit

Summit Dates Host Country Host City Topics Results
1st December 9–11, 1994   United States[4] Miami
  • Prosperity
  • Sustainable Development
  • Economic Integration
  • Poverty Eradication
  • Environmental Protections
  • Democratic Governance
Special December 7-8, 1996   Bolivia Santa Cruz
  • Health
  • Education
  • Sustainable Agriculture
  • Forestation
  • Sustainable cities and communities
  • Democratic Governance
2nd April 18–19, 1998   Chile[5] Santiago
  • Democracy
  • Justice
  • Human Rights
  • Free Trade in the Americas
  • Democratic Governance
3rd April 20–22, 2001   Canada[6] Quebec City
  • Hemispheric Security
  • Civil Society
  • Gender Equality
  • Indigenous peoples
  • Children and youth
  • Democratic Governance
Special January 12–13, 2004   Mexico[7] Monterrey
  • Addressing poverty
  • Social development
  • Equitable economic growth
  • Democratic Governance
  • Nuevo León Declaration
4th November 4–5, 2005   Argentina[8] Mar del Plata
  • Job creation
  • Decent employment opportunities
  • Democratic Governance
5th April 17–19, 2009   Trinidad and Tobago[9][10] Port-of-Spain
  • Prosperity
  • Energy security
  • Environmental sustainability
  • Public security
  • Democratic governance
6th April 14–15, 2012   Colombia[11] Cartagena
  • Infrastructure
  • Poverty, inequality, inequity
  • Natural disaster risks
  • Access to technology
  • Citizen security
  • Democratic governance
7th April 10–11, 2015   Panama[12] Panama City
  • Education
  • Health
  • Energy
  • Environment
  • Migration
  • Security
  • Democratic Governance
8th April 13–14, 2018   Peru[13] Lima
  • Corruption
  • Democratic Governance
9th June 6–10, 2022   United States[14] Los Angeles
  • Health
  • Digital Transformation
  • Clean Energy
  • Environment
  • Democratic Governance
  • Migration
 Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection
10th October, 2025   Dominican Republic Punta Cana

The events that garnered the most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata summits (3rd and 4th respectively), both of which provoked very large anti-globalization and anti-Free Trade Area of the Americas protests and attendant police response.

OAS member states edit

Main article: Member states of the Organization of American States

All 35 independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS.

Nation Capital city HDI
(2019 estimate
for 2018)[15]		 Official or National
language(s) 		Heads of government
  Antigua and Barbuda St. John's 0.776 English Gaston Browne
  Argentina Buenos Aires 0.830 Spanish Javier Milei
  The Bahamas Nassau 0.805 English Philip Davis
  Barbados Bridgetown 0.813 English Mia Mottley
  Belize Belmopan 0.720 English Johnny Briceño
  Bolivia Sucre 0.703 Spanish Luis Arce
  Brazil Brasília 0.761 Portuguese Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
  Canada Ottawa 0.922 English, French Justin Trudeau
  Chile Santiago 0.847 Spanish Gabriel Boric
  Colombia Bogota 0.761 Spanish Gustavo Petro
  Costa Rica San José 0.794 Spanish Rodrigo Chaves Robles
  Cuba Havana 0.778 Spanish Miguel Díaz-Canel
  Dominica Roseau 0.724 English Roosevelt Skerrit
  Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 0.745 Spanish Luis Abinader
  Ecuador Quito 0.758 Spanish Guillermo Lasso
  El Salvador San Salvador 0.667 Spanish Nayib Bukele
  Grenada St. George's 0.763 English Dickon Mitchell
  Guatemala Guatemala City 0.651 Spanish Alejandro Giammattei
  Guyana Georgetown 0.670 English Irfaan Ali
  Haiti Port-au-Prince 0.503 French, Haitian Creole Ariel Henry
  Honduras Tegucigalpa 0.623 Spanish Xiomara Castro
  Jamaica Kingston 0.726 English Andrew Holness
  Mexico Mexico City 0.767 Spanish Andrés Manuel López Obrador
  Nicaragua* Managua 0.651 Spanish Daniel Ortega
  Panama Panama City 0.795 Spanish Laurentino Cortizo
  Paraguay Asuncion 0.724 Spanish, Guarani Mario Abdo Benítez
  Peru Lima 0.759 Spanish Dina Boluarte
  Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre 0.777 English Terrance Drew
  Saint Lucia Castries 0.745 English Philip J. Pierre
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown 0.728 English Ralph Gonsalves
  Suriname Paramaribo 0.724 Dutch Chan Santokhi
  Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain 0.799 English Keith Rowley
  United States Washington D.C. 0.920 English Joe Biden
  Uruguay Montevideo 0.808 Spanish Luis Lacalle Pou
  Venezuela Caracas 0.726 Spanish Nicolás Maduro
  • In 2021, the Ortega government announced its decision to withdraw Nicaragua from the Organization of American States.

Non-members edit

The following jurisdictions are not members of the OAS as they are dependencies of other nations. They are grouped under the nation that has sovereignty over them.

Sovereign state Jurisdiction Dependency type
  Denmark   Greenland Autonomous country
  France   French Guiana Overseas region
  Guadeloupe Overseas region
  Martinique Overseas region
  Saint Barthélemy Overseas collectivity
  Saint Martin Overseas collectivity
  Saint Pierre and Miquelon Overseas collectivity
  Netherlands   Aruba Constituent country
  Bonaire Public body
  Curaçao Constituent country
  Saba Public body
  Sint Eustatius Public body
  Sint Maarten Constituent country
  United Kingdom   Anguilla Overseas territory
  Bermuda Overseas territory
  British Virgin Islands Overseas territory
  Cayman Islands Overseas territory
  Falkland Islands Overseas territory
  Montserrat Overseas territory
  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Overseas territory
  Turks and Caicos Islands Overseas territory
  United States   Puerto Rico Unincorporated organized commonwealth
  U.S. Virgin Islands Unincorporated organized territory

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Prieto, Alfredo (April 15, 2009). "verybody But Cuba". Havana Times.
  2. ^ "Cuba's Raul Castro skips Summit of the Americas". 13 April 2018.
  3. ^ Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World. Greenwood Publishing. p. 382. ISBN 9780865692886.
  4. ^ "I Summit". www.summit-americas.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  5. ^ "II Summit". www.summit-americas.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  6. ^ "III Summit". www.summit-americas.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  7. ^ Special summit
  8. ^ IV summit (4th)
  9. ^ V summit (5th)
  10. ^ http://www.fifthsummitoftheamericas.org/ [bare URL]
  11. ^ VI summit (6th)
  12. ^ VII summit (7th)
  13. ^ PERÚ, Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA. "Peru President attends Summit of the Americas opening ceremony". andina.pe. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  14. ^ House, The White (January 19, 2022). "President Biden Announces Host City for Ninth Summit of the Americas". The White House. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  15. ^ Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Programme. 2019. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5. Retrieved 23 February 2020.

Sources edit

External links edit

  Media related to Summit of the Americas at Wikimedia Commons

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