Mirour de l'Omme ("the mirror of mankind") (also Speculum Hominis), which has the Latin title Speculum Meditantis ("mirror of meditation"), is an Anglo-Norman poem of 29,945 lines written in iambic octosyllables by John Gower (c. 1330 – October 1408). Gower's major theme is man's salvation. Internal evidence (no mention of Richard II) suggests that composition was completed before 1380. G. C. Macaulay discovered the only manuscript in the Cambridge University Library.[1]: xviii Only part of the poem survives; the conclusion has been lost.
Summary
editThe union of the Devil and Sin produces the seven daughters: Pride, Envy, Ire, Sloth, Avarice, Gluttony and Lechery. Reason and Conscience are unable to save mankind from the daughters and their granddaughters. In the second third of Mirour, God sends the seven Virtues who have granddaughters who oppose the Devil's forces. Much of the final third is an "extensive examination of the corruption of the Three Estates of society -- Church, State and Workers. Everyone is tainted." Repentance requires the intercession of the Virgin. The conclusion of the poem has been lost.[2]: 140–141
Literary merit
editMacaulay starts with: "it would be absurd to claim for it a high degree of literary merit, but it is nevertheless a somewhat noticeable and interesting performance".[1]: xii He then praises it for its design and thoroughness. R. F. Yeager compares this poem to Milton's poems. Mirour is "not easy, either to read or always to appreciate". The magnitude of vision and Gower's creative eclecticism make the Mirour unique.[2]: 141
Choice of language
editYeager gives two quite different reasons for the poem being written in French. When composition started in the 1360s, Anglo-Norman was an important language in the court of Edward III. Gower was writing for the moral instruction of the king and his court. Existing Anglo-Norman literature leaned toward romance (although Duke Henry's Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines was an exception); English literature was moralistic. Gower followed a "bait and switch" strategy to attract readers looking for a romance.[3]: 113 After the death of Edward III he was probably resident at St Mary Overie. This priory was an Augustinian institution where Anglo-Norman was spoken. Benedictine and Augustinian houses produced "acceptable alternatives to popular literature". "Gower could well have felt himself moved to provide for his new associates with a pen as well as pounds sterling."[3]: 123
Importance
editMirour is the basis for the claim for that Gower was a major innovator of form. Gower is sometimes credited with a major innovation in poetic form. Chaucer "left it to Gower to invent the iambic tetrameter, and to later centuries of poets to solve the problems of its potential monotony; he himself merely polished the traditional Middle English short line."[4]: 85 Fisher pointed that lines 26482 foresaw the Peasants' Revolt with "startling clarity".[5]: 72–73 The centre section is an example of estate satire.[5]: 137
Gower considered Mirour to be his first major work. It is described in a recurring colophon composed in 1390.[5]: 88–89
Translation
editGower, John (30 June 1992). Mirour de L'omme: (The Mirror of Mankind). Translated by William Burton Wilson. Michigan State University Press. p. 411. ISBN 978-0937191170.
References
edit- ^ a b G.C. Macaulay (ed.). "Introduction". The Complete Works of John Gower, Vol 1 The French Works (PDF). p. xiii.
- ^ a b Yeager, R. F. (2004). "John Gower's French". In Siân Echard (ed.). A Companion to Gower. D. S. Brewer. p. 286. ISBN 1-84384-000-6.
- ^ a b Yeager, R. F. (2006). "Gower's French Audience: The "Mirour de L'Omme"". The Chaucer Review. 41 (2): 111–137. doi:10.1353/cr.2006.0023. JSTOR 25094348. S2CID 153672204.
- ^ Martin J. Duffel (2011). A New History of English Metre. Legenda. ISBN 978-1907975134.
- ^ a b c John H. Fisher (1964). John Gower: Moral Philosopher and Friend of Chaucer. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0814701492.