Wikipedia

Soyuz-2

(Redirected from Soyuz 2.1)
This article is about the launch vehicle. For the 1968 Soyuz spacecraft mission, see Soyuz 2 (1968 mission).
Not to be confused with Soyuz T-2, Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TMA-2, Soyuz TMA-02M, or Soyuz MS-02.

Soyuz 2 (Russian: Союз 2, lit. 'Union 2') (GRAU index 14A14) is a modernized expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major version of the Soyuz rocket family. It includes key enhancements over its predecessors including improved engines along with digital flight control and telemetry systems, enabling launches from fixed platforms and the use of large payload fairings.

Soyuz 2 (2.1a / 2.1b)
A MetOp spacecraft ready for the launch atop a Soyuz 2.1a rocket.
FunctionMedium-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerProgress
Country of originRussia
Cost per launchUS$35−48.5 million (Roscosmos)[1][2]
US$80 million (Arianespace)[3]
Size
Height46.3 m (152 ft)[4]
Diameter10.3 m (33 ft 10 in)
Mass312,000 kg (688,000 lb)
Stages3 or 4
Capacity
Payload to LEO[a]
MassA: 7,020 kg (15,480 lb)
B: 8,200 kg (18,100 lb)[4]
Payload to SSO[b]
MassA: 4,230 kg (9,330 lb)
B: 4,900 kg (10,800 lb)[5]
Payload to GTO[c]
MassA: 2,810 kg (6,190 lb)
B: 3,250 kg (7,170 lb)[5]
Payload to TLI[d]
MassB: 2,350 kg (5,180 lb)[6]
Payload to GSO[e]
MassB: 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[6]
Associated rockets
FamilyR-7 (Soyuz)
Based onSoyuz-FG
Derivative workSoyuz 2 (CSG)
Soyuz 2.1v
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sites
Total launches
  • 166 (+1 suborbital)
  •     A: 76 (+1 suborbital)
  •     B:: 90
Success(es)
  • 160 (+1 suborbital)
  •     A: 73 (+1 suborbital)
  •     B: 87
Failure(s)4 (A: 2, B: 2)
Partial failure(s)2 (A: 1, B: 1)
First flight
  • A: 8 November 2004
  • B: 27 December 2006
Last flight
  • A: Active
  • B: Active
Type of passengers/cargo
Boosters (First stage)
No. boosters4
Height19.6 m (64 ft)
Diameter2.68 m (8 ft 10 in)
Empty mass3,784 kg (8,342 lb)
Gross mass44,413 kg (97,914 lb)
Propellant mass39,160 kg (86,330 lb)
Powered by1 × RD-107A
Maximum thrustSL: 839.48 kN (188,720 lbf)
vac: 1,019.93 kN (229,290 lbf)
Specific impulseSL: 263.3 s (2.582 km/s)
vac: 320.2 s (3.140 km/s)
Burn time118 seconds
PropellantLOX / RP-1
Second stage (core)
Height27.10 m (88.9 ft)
Diameter2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Empty mass6,545 kg (14,429 lb)
Gross mass99,765 kg (219,944 lb)
Propellant mass90,100 kg (198,600 lb)
Powered by1 × RD-108A
Maximum thrustSL: 792.41 kN (178,140 lbf)
vac: 921.86 kN (207,240 lbf)
Specific impulseSL: 257.7 s (2.527 km/s)
vac: 320.6 s (3.144 km/s)
Burn time286 seconds
PropellantLOX / RP-1
Third stage
Height6.70 m (22.0 ft)
Diameter2.66 m (8 ft 9 in)
Empty mass2,355 kg (5,192 lb)
Gross mass27,755 kg (61,189 lb)
Propellant mass25,400 kg (56,000 lb)
Powered byA: 1 × RD-0110
B: 1 × RD-0124
Maximum thrustA: 298 kN (67,000 lbf)
B: 294.3 kN (66,200 lbf)
Specific impulseA: 326 s (3.20 km/s)
B: 359 s (3.52 km/s)
Burn time270 seconds
PropellantLOX / RP-1
Fourth stage (optional) – Fregat / Fregat-M / Fregat-MT[7]
Height1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
DiameterFregat / Fregat-M: 3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Fregat-MT: 3.80 m (12.5 ft)
Empty massFregat: 930 kg (2,050 lb)
Fregat-M: 980 kg (2,160 lb)
Fregat-MT: 1,050 kg (2,310 lb)
Propellant massFregat: 5,250 kg (11,570 lb)
Fregat-M: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb)
Fregat-MT: 7,100 kg (15,700 lb)
Powered by1 × S5.92
Maximum thrust19.85 kN (4,460 lbf)
Specific impulse333.2 s (3.268 km/s)
Burn timeUp to 1,100 seconds (up to 20 starts)
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
Fourth stage (optional) – Volga[8]
Height1.025 m (3 ft 4.4 in)
Diameter3.2 m (10 ft)
Empty mass840 kg (1,850 lb)
Propellant mass300–900 kg (660–1,980 lb)
Powered by1 × 17D64[9]
Maximum thrust2.94 kN (660 lbf)
Specific impulse307 s (3.01 km/s)
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
[edit on Wikidata]

In its standard configuration, Soyuz 2 is a three-stage launch vehicle designed for low Earth orbit missions. Notably, its stage numbering differs from some rockets. The boosters are considered its the first stage, while the central core is the second. For higher orbits like Molniya or geosynchronous, an optional upper (fourth) stage can be added. The most common upper stage is the Fregat, but the smaller Volga is also an option. These upper stages have their own independent flight control and telemetry systems.

The Soyuz 2 rocket utilizes the existing facilities as its R-7 derived predecessors, Site 31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and Site 43 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia. Additional launch locations opened at the Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz at the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana in 2011 and the Site 1S at the Vostochny Cosmodrome in eastern Russia in 2016. However, Soyuz 2 launches from Guiana were suspended in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[10]

The Soyuz 2 family has two major variants, with the Soyuz 2.1a being the base version that first launched on 8 November 2004. The Soyuz 2.1b, with a 15 percent more powerful third stage, followed on 27 December 2006. Soyuz rockets that use the larger ST payload fairing are called the Soyuz ST-A or Soyuz ST-B. The derivative Soyuz 2.1v with a more powerful core stage and no boosters was introduced in December 2013.

The Soyuz 2 has replaced the Molniya-M, Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG rockets since 2010, 2017 and 2019 respectively.[11][12][13]

Variants

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Soyuz 2.1a

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The Soyuz 2.1a incorporates upgraded RD-107A engines on both booster and core stages, that have improved injection systems, to enhance overall performance.

The 2.1a also has a digital flight control system, replacing the analog system used on prior Soyuz models. This system allows the vehicle to adjust its trajectory in-flight (a capability the analog system lacked) eliminating the requirement for a complex rotating launchpad. The digital flight control system also unlocks the potential for deploying larger commercial satellites housed within wider and longer payload fairings. These fairings introduce too much aerodynamic instability for the old analog system to handle. The RD-110 engine remains in use for the third stage. When configured with the larger ST payload fairing, the Soyuz 2.1a is sometimes called Soyuz ST-A.

The first launch of a Soyuz 2.1a took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 8 November 2004 with a boilerplate payload, simulating the size and weight of a Zenit-8 spy satellite. The first launch of a Soyuz ST-A took place from Guiana Space Centre on 17 December 2011 carrying four satellites (including Pléiades-HR 1A, SSOT and ELISA).

Soyuz 2.1b

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The Soyuz 2.1b has all the same features as the Soyuz 2.1a, but uses an upgraded engine (RD-0124) on the third stage, which greatly increases specific impulse (326 to 359 seconds), improving payload capability to LEO from 7,200 kilograms (15,900 lb) to 8,200 kilograms (18,100 lb). When configured with the larger ST payload fairing, the Soyuz 2.1b is sometimes called Soyuz ST-B.

The first launch of a Soyuz 2.1b took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with a classified military payload.[14] The first launch of a Soyuz ST-B took place from Guiana Space Centre on 21 October 2011 carrying two Galileo satellites.

Modifications for various launch sites

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Guiana Space Centre

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To accommodate the conditions and requirements of the Guiana Space Centre (CSG), Soyuz rockets underwent several key modifications. These adaptations ensure the vehicle's optimal performance and safety within the tropical environment.

Launch Infrastructure and Payload Integration

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  • Mobile Service Tower: Unlike other Soyuz launch complexes, the ELS employed a mobile service tower that enabled vertical payload integration directly on the launchpad.[15]
  • European Payload Adapters: Launch vehicles used European-supplied payload adapters, enhancing compatibility with a broader range of spacecraft.[15]
  • Engine Ignition: At the ELS, the engines of the boosters and first stage were pyrotechnically ignited. At other Soyuz launch complexes, engines are chemically ignited.[16]

Enhanced Safety Systems

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  • European Safeguard Kit (French: Kit de Sauvegarde Européenne): This system can locate the rocket in real-time and, if necessary, transmit a flight termination signal, ensuring the safe destruction of the vehicle in the event of an anomaly.[15][16]
  • Destruct System for Boosters and Core Stage: Boosters and core stage are equipped with pyrotechnic devices to ensure they sink in the ocean for disposal after flight.[16]
  • S-Band Telemetry System Adaptation: The S band telemetry system is modified to operate on the Inter-Range Instrumentation Group standard used at the CSG.[15]

Environmental Adaptation

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  • Tropical Climate Adaptation: The air conditioning system is adapted to keep the payload cool inside the faring, and protective measures are added to reduce icing when loading cryogenic fluids in the humid environment.[15]
  • Pest Control: To avoid potential wildlife intrusions, all cavities and openings within the rocket were studied and certified to be adequately sealed against insects and rodents.[16]

Vostochny Cosmodrome

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Modifications for the Vostochny Cosmodrome version includes:[17]

  • New and upgraded computer, N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika's Malachite-7, with six times more performance, better obsolescence protection, reduced weight.[18][19][20]
  • The new computer enabled a significant reduction on the cable network complexity thanks to multiplexing lines and using common buses.[17][20][21]
  • New nickel-cadmium batteries that eliminate the need for a dedicated battery charging station.[18]
  • The inclusion of on-board video system, that will enable real-time views of the launch.[18]
  • Since the launch pad at Vostochny also has a mobile gantry for vertical payload integration, similar to the ELS at Guiana, it has the necessary piping to direct the oxygen purges outside the gantry.[17]

On 1 October 2015, it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz 2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome were designed for a different modification of the rocket and are too small, so that the planned first launch in December 2015 was under question.[22] The first launch occurred on 28 April 2016 at 02:01:21 UTC.[23]

Notable missions

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Suborbital test flight

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On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 UTC, the first Soyuz 2 rocket, in the Soyuz 2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a sub-orbital trajectory, with the third stage and boilerplate payload re-entering over the Pacific Ocean.

Maiden launch

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The first attempt at launching a Soyuz 2 to orbit, with the MetOp-A satellite, occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence, after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and on-board preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad, for the next attempt on 18 July 2006. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October 2006.

First crewed mission

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First crewed launch of Soyuz 2 took place at 9 April 2020, carrying Soyuz MS-16 to the ISS.

Naphthyl fuel

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Following successful ground testing, a naphthyl fueled Soyuz 2.1b launch took place on 22 October 2022 at Vostochny. Naphthyl is an environmentally safe hydrocarbon fuel with fewer aromatic compounds than kerosene, that also slightly improves engine performance. There are only minor differences in thermal properties, viscosity, and surface tension, so this did not require significant engine changes.[24]

Launch statistics

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Since 2006, Soyuz 2 rockets have accumulated a total of 167 launches, 161 of which were successful, yielding a 96.4% success rate.

Launch outcomes

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5
10
15
20
25
30
2006
2010
2015
2020
  •   Failure
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success
  •   Scheduled

Launch sites

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5
10
15
20
25
30
2006
2010
2015
2020

List of launches

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Main article: List of R-7 launches
Launch date
Time (UTC) 		Configuration Spaceport Result Payload Mission type Remarks
8 November 2004
18:30 		Soyuz 2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Zenit-8 (boilerplate) Suborbital test flight
19 October 2006
16:28 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Success MetOp-A Weather satellite
24 December 2006
08:34 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 1 Military communications satellite
27 December 2006
14:28 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Success CoRoT Astronomy satellite
26 July 2008
18:31 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success[25] Kosmos 2441 (Persona No.1) Reconnaissance satellite Launch was successful but satellite failed after a few months of operations due to an electrical fault.
21 May 2009
21:53 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Failure [26] Meridian 2 Military communications satellite Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation; satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt.
17 September 2009
15:55 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Success Meteor-M No.1
 Weather satellite
+ 6 piggyback satellites
19 October 2010
17:11 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
2 November 2010
00:59 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 3 Military communications satellite
26 February 2011
03:07 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2471 (GLONASS-K 11L) Navigation satellite
4 May 2011
17:41 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 4 Military communications satellite
13 July 2011
02:27 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
2 October 2011
20:15 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2474 (GLONASS-M 742) Navigation satellite
21 October 2011
10:30 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-M Guiana, ELS Success [27] Galileo IOV-1/2 Navigation satellite
First launch from Guiana Space Centre.
28 November 2011
08:25 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [28] Kosmos 2478 (GLONASS-M 746) Navigation satellite
17 December 2011
02:03 		Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M Guiana, ELS Success [29] Pléiades 1A
SSOT
ELISA 1/2/3/4 		Remote sensing satellite
Earth observation satellite for Chile
Signals intelligence satellite
23 December 2011
12:08 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Failure [30] Meridian 5 Military communications satellite Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course; satellite not deployed.
28 December 2011
17:09 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success [31] Globalstar-2 F3 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
17 September 2012
16:28 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31 Success MetOp-B Weather satellite
12 October 2012
18:15 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success [32] Galileo IOV-3/4 Navigation satellite
14 November 2012
11:42 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 6 Military communications satellite
2 December 2012
02:02 		Soyuz ST-A / Fregat Guiana, ELS Success [33] Pléiades 1B Remote sensing satellite
6 February 2013
16:04:24 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success Globalstar-2 F4 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
19 April 2013
10:00:00 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Bion-M No.1
 Biological science satellite
+ 5 piggyback satellites
26 April 2013
05:23:46 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [34] Kosmos 2485 (GLONASS-M 747) Navigation satellite
7 June 2013
18:37:59 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success[35] Kosmos 2486 (Persona No.2) Reconnaissance satellite
25 June 2013
17:28:48 		Soyuz 2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Success [36] Resurs-P No.1 Earth observation satellite
25 June 2013
19:27:03 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success [37] O3b-1/2/3/4 Communications satellites
19 December 2013
09:12:19 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success [38] Gaia Space telescope
23 March 2014
22:54:03 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [39] Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M 754) Navigation satellite
3 April 2014
21:02:26 		Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M Guiana, ELS Success [40] Sentinel-1A Earth observation satellite
6 May 2014
13:49:35 		Soyuz 2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [41] Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M) Reconnaissance satellite
14 June 2014
17:16:48 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [42] Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M 755) Navigation satellite
8 July 2014
15:58:28 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success [43] Meteor-M No.2
  • AISSat-2
  • DX-1
  • Relek (MKA-FKI (PN2))
  • SkySat 2
  • TechDemoSat-1
  • UKube-1
 Weather satellite
+ 6 piggyback satellites
10 July 2014
18:55:56 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success [44] O3b-5/6/7/8 Communications satellites
18 July 2014
20:50:00 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur,
Site 31 		Success Foton-M No.4 Microgravity and biology research satellite
22 August 2014
12:27:11 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Partial success [45] Galileo FOC-1/2 Navigation satellite Fregat upper stage guidance problem left the satellites in an incorrect elliptical orbit. Traced to a flaw in the Fregat thermal design with a heat bridge from the coolant line to fuel line causing freezing of fuel line.
29 October 2014
07:09:43 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress M-25M ISS cargo spacecraft. This was the first time Soyuz 2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch.
30 October 2014
01:42:52 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Meridian 7 Military communications satellite
30 November 2014
21:52:26 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K 12L) Navigation satellite
18 December 2014
18:37:00 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success O3b-9/10/11/12 Communications satellite Although the mission successfully placed the O3b constellation into the correct orbit, the telemetry system ceased to send telemetry data to ground controllers moments before third Fregat burn. Mission control afterwards directly relied to the satellites to confirm their condition and their position.[46]
25 December 2014
03:01:13 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2502 (Lotos-S1 No.1) ELINT
26 December 2014
18:55:50 		Soyuz 2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Success Resurs-P No.2 Earth observation satellite
27 February 2015
11:01:35 		Soyuz 2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M 1L) Reconnaissance
27 March 2015
21:46:18 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success Galileo FOC-3/4 Navigation
28 April 2015
07:09:50 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Failure Progress M-27M ISS logistics Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.[47] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.[48] Mission declared a total loss.[49]
5 June 2015
15:23:54 		Soyuz 2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2505 (Kobalt-M) Reconnaissance
23 June 2015
16:44:00 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2506 (Persona No.3) Reconnaissance
11 September 2015
02:08:10 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success[50] Galileo FOC-5/6 Navigation
17 November 2015
06:33:41 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2510
(EKS) 		Missile early warning
17 December 2015
11:51:56 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success [51] Galileo FOC-8/9 Navigation
21 December 2015
08:44:39 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-01 ISS logistics
7 February 2016
00:21:07 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M 751) Navigation
13 March 2016
18:56:00 		Soyuz 2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Success Resurs-P No.3 Earth observation
24 March 2016
09:42 		Soyuz 2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M 2L) Reconnaissance
31 March 2016
16:23:57 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-02 ISS logistics
25 April 2016
21:02:13 		Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M Guiana, ELS Success [52] Sentinel-1B[53]
MICROSCOPE[54]
 Earth observation
Astrophysics research
Technology
28 April 2016
02:01:21 		Soyuz 2.1a / Volga Vostochny, Site 1S Success [23] Mikhailo Lomonosov [55]
Gamma-ray astronomy
Technology demonstrations
24 May 2016
08:48:43 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success [57] Galileo FOC-10/11 Navigation
29 May 2016
08:44:37 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [58] Kosmos 2516 (GLONASS-M 760) Navigation Third stage shut down prematurely during the launch. Fregat upper stage detected the problem and compensated with an extended firing, delivering the satellite to the correct orbit.[59]
28 January 2017
01:03:34 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success [60] Hispasat 36W-1 a.k.a. Hispasat AG1
Small GEO 		Communications
18 May 2017
11:54:53 		Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M Guiana, ELS Success [61] SES-15[62] Communications
25 May 2017
06:33 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [63] EKS-2 Missile early warning
14 June 2017
09:20 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-06 ISS logistics
14 July 2017
06:36:49 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Partial success Kanopus-V-IK
Many cubesats 		Earth observation
Heliophysics 		At least 9 of the 72 cubesats were reported to have failed, possibly due to an issue with the Fregat upper stage.[64] Glavkosmos, the cubesat launch provider, has later confirmed upper stage anomaly.[65]
22 September 2017
00:02:32 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2522 (GLONASS-M 752) Navigation
14 October 2017
08:46:53 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success Progress MS-07 ISS logistics
28 November 2017
05:41:46 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S[66] Failure [67] Meteor-M No.2-1
Ionosfera
Baumanets
Several cubesats 		Weather
Ionospheric research 		The orbital insertion burn was conducted while upper stage was oriented in the wrong direction sending it back in to the atmosphere. Roscosmos investigation found 20 years earlier Baikonur co-ordinates had mistakenly been hardcoded in a Fregat subroutine, and the mistake only manifested itself for the first time due to launching from Vostochny. The Russian Government and independent experts however consider the conclusion as a way of escaping individual blame.[68]
2 December 2017
10:43:26 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [69] Kosmos 2524 (Lotos S1 No.2) ELINT
1 February 2018
02:07:18 [70] 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S[66] Success [71][72] Kanopus-V No.3, No.4
Lemur-2 74, 75, 76, 77
S-Net 1, 2, 3, 4
D-Star One v.1.1 [73] 		Earth observation
Technology demonstrations
13 February 2018
08:13:33 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [74] Progress MS-08 ISS logistics
9 March 2018
17:10:06 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success O3b-13/14/15/16 Communications
16 June 2018
21:30 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success Kosmos 2527 (GLONASS-M 756) Navigation
9 July 2018
21:51 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success[75] Progress MS-09 ISS logistics
25 October 2018
00:15 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [76] Kosmos 2528 (Lotos-S1 No.3) ELINT
3 November 2018
20:17 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success[77] Kosmos 2529 (GLONASS-M 757) Navigation
7 November 2018
00:47:27 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-M Guiana, ELS Success MetOp-C Weather
19 December 2018
13:37 		Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M Guiana, ELS Success [78] CSO 1 Reconnaissance
for the French Armed Forces
27 December 2018
02:07 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success [78] Kanopus-V No.5 and Kanopus-V No.6
Dove Flock-w × 12 		Earth observation satellites.
21 February 2019
19:47 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31 Success [79] EgyptSat A Earth observation
27 February 2019
21:37 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success [80] OneWeb-1 (6 satellites) + mockups × 4
(pilot flight) [81] 		Communications
4 April 2019
11:01 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [82] Progress MS-11 ISS logistics
4 April 2019
17:03:37 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT ELS
Guiana 		Success O3b (x4) Low Earth orbit communication satellites
27 May 2019
09:23 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [83] GLONASS-M 758 Navigation. A lightning struck the rocket 14 seconds after start, without affecting its performance.[83]
5 July 2019
05:41 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success [84] Meteor-M No.2-2 Microsputnik Weather
30 July 2019
05:56 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success[85] Meridian 8 Communications
31 July 2019
12:10 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [86] Progress MS-12 ISS logistics
22 August 2019
03:38 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Success [87] Soyuz MS-14 (uncrewed flight test) ISS crew transport
26 September 2019
07:46 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success [88] Kosmos 2541 Military reconnaissance
6 December 2019
09:34 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-13 / 74P ISS logistics
11 December 2019 Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success GLONASS-M 759 Navigation
18 December 2019 Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-MT Guiana, ELS Success CHEOPS
COSMO-SkyMed (CSG 1)
OPS-SAT 		Space telescope
Earth observation (radar)
Technical demonstration
6 February 2020
21:42:41 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb-2 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 1)[81] 		Communications
20 February 2020
08:24:54 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Meridian M-9 (19L) Military comsat[89]
16 March 2020
18:28:00 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success [67] GLONASS-M No.760
(Kosmos 2545) 		Navigation
21 March 2020
17:06:58 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success [67][90] OneWeb-3 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 2) 		Communications
9 April 2020
08:05:06 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success[67] Soyuz MS-16 ISS crew transport
25 April 2020
01:51:41 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success [91] Progress MS-14 ISS logistics
22 May 2020
06:45[92] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Success EKS-4 (Tundra 14L)[93] Early warning
23 July 2020
14:26:22 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-15 ISS logistics
28 September 2020
11:20:00 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Gonets-M (17/18/19)
GEN-1 (Antilles and Amidala) (Canada), Lemur-2 (4) (United States), MeznSat (United Arab Emirates), SALSAT (Germany), NetSat-1 to 4 (Germany), ICEYE-X6 and X7 (Finland), LacunaSat-3 (Lithuania), Yarilo-1 and 2 (Russia), Norbi (Russia) and Dekart (Descartes) (Russia) [94] 		Communications
14 October 2020
05:45:04 [95] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-17 ISS crew transport
25 October 2020
19:08:42 [96] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2547 (GLONASS-K 15L) Navigation
2 December 2020
01:33:28 [97] 		Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M Guiana, ELS Success FalconEye 2 Reconnaissance
3 December 2020
01:14 [98] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Gonets-M 20/21/22
ERA-1 (Kosmos-2548) (nanosatellite) 		Communication
Technology - Russian Ministry of Defense
18 December 2020
12:26:26 [99] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-4 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 1) 		Communications
20 December 2020
16:42:07 [100] 		Soyuz ST-A / Fregat-M Guiana, ELS Success CSO-2 Reconnaissance
2 February 2021
20:45:28 [101] 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2549 (Lotos-S1 No.4) ELINT
15 February 2021
04:45:05 [102] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-16 ISS logistics
28 February 2021
06:55:01 [103] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Arktika-M No.1 Weather satellite
22 March 2021
06:07:12 [104] 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success CAS500-1
A cluster of secondary commercial payloads (+37 satellites). 		Earth observation
25 March 2021
02:47:33[105] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-5 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 2) 		Communications
9 April 2021
07:42:40[106] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-18 ISS crew transport
25 April 2021
22:14:08[107] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-6 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 3) 		Communications
28 May 2021
17:38:39[108] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-7 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 4) 		Communications
25 June 2021
19:50:00[109] 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2550 (Pion-NKS No.1) SIGINT
29 June 2021
23:27:20[110] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-17 ISS logistics
1 July 2021
12:48:33[111] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb-8 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 5) 		Communications
21 August 2021
22:13:40[112] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb-9 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 3) 		Communications
14 September 2021
18:07:19[113] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb-10 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 4) 		Communications
5 October 2021
08:55:02[114] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-19 ISS crew transport
14 October 2021
09:40:10[115] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Success OneWeb (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 6) 		Communications
28 October 2021
00:00:32[116] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-18 ISS logistics
24 November 2021
13:06:35[117] 		Soyuz 2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Prichal ISS assembly
25 November 2021
01:09:13[118] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2552 (EKS-5, Tundra 15L) Early warning
5 December 2021
00:19:20[119] 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guyana, ELS Success Galileo FOC FM23
Galileo FOC FM24 		Navigation
8 December 2021
07:38:15[120] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-20 ISS crew transport and space tourism
27 December 2021
13:10:37[121] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success OneWeb (36 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 5) 		Communications
5 February 2022
07:00:00[122] 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Neitron №1 Reconnaissance
10 February 2022
18:09:37[123] 		Soyuz ST-B / Fregat-MT Guyana, ELS Success OneWeb (34 satellites) Communications
15 February 2022
04:25:39[124] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-19 ISS logistics
18 March 2022
15:55:18[125] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-21 ISS crew transport
22 March 2022
12:48:22[126] 		Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Meridian-M 10 (20L) Military communications
7 April 2022
11:20:18[127] 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2554 (Lotos-S1 No.5) ELINT
19 May 2022
08:03:32[128] 		Soyuz 2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2556 (Bars-M 3L) Reconnaissance
3 June 2022
09:32:16[129] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-20 ISS logistics
7 July 2022
09:18:06[130] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2557 (GLONASS-K 16L) Navigation
9 August 2022
05:52:38[131] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Khayyam
16 rideshare cubesats 		Earth observation
21 September 2022
13:54:49[132] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-22 ISS crew transport
10 October 2022
02:52:32[133] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2559 (GLONASS-K 17L) Navigation
22 October 2022
19:57:09[134] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Gonets-M 23/24/25 (33L/34L/35L), Skif-D Communications
26 October 2022
00:20:09[135] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-21 ISS logistics
2 November 2022
06:47:48[136] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2563 (EKS-6, Tundra 16L) Early warning
28 November 2022
15:13:50[137] 		Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2564 (GLONASS-M 761) Navigation
30 November 2022
21:10:25[138] 		Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2565 (Lotos-S1 No.6)
Kosmos 2566 		ELINT
9 February 2023
06:15:36[139] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-22 ISS logistics
24 February 2023
00:24:29[140] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-23 ISS crew transport
23 March 2023
06:40:11[141] 		Soyuz 2.1a Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2567 (Bars-M 4L) Reconnaissance
24 May 2023 12:56:07[142] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-23 ISS logistics
26 May 2023 21:14:51[143] Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Kondor-FKA No.1 Reconnaissance
27 June 2023 11:34:49[144] Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Meteor-M No.2-3
42 rideshare satellites 		Weather
Various uses
7 August 2023 13:19:25[145] Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2569 (GLONASS-K2 13L) Navigation
10 August 2023 23:10:57[146] Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander) Lunar exploration
23 August 2023 01:08:10[147] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-24 ISS logistics
15 September 2023 15:44:35[148] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-24 ISS crew transport
27 October 2023 06:04:43[149] Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/3 Success Kosmos 2570 (Lotos-S1 No.7)
Kosmos 2571 		ELINT
25 November 2023 20:58:06[150] Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2572 (Razdan 1) Reconnaissance
1 December 2023 09:25:11[151] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-25 ISS logistics
16 December 2023 09:17:48[152] Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Arktika-M No.2 Meteorology
21 December 2023 08:48:39[153] Soyuz 2.1b Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2573 (Bars-M 5L) Reconnaissance
15 February 2024 03:25:05[154] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-26 ISS logistics
29 February 2024 05:43:26[155] Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Success Meteor-M No.2-4
18 rideshare satellites 		Weather
Various uses
23 March 2024 12:36:10[156] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Soyuz MS-25 ISS crew transport
31 March 2024 09:36:45[157] Soyuz 2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Resurs-P No.4 Earth observation
16 May 2024 21:21:29[158] Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43/4 Success Kosmos 2576 (Nivelir-L №4)
9 rideshare satellites 		Reconnaissance
Various uses
30 May 2024 09:42:59[159] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-27 ISS logistics
15 August 2024 03:20:18[160] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-28 ISS logistics

Planned launches

edit
Launch date
Time (UTC) 		Configuration Spaceport Result Payload Function Remark
11 September 2024
16:22 [161] 		Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-26 ISS crew transport
5 November 2024[162] Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Scheduled Ionosfera-M1
Ionosfera-M2 		Ionospheric research
21 November 2024[163] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-29 ISS logistics
30 November 2024[164] Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat-M Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Kondor-FKA No.2 Reconnaissance
Q4 2024 Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat-M Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned GLONASS-K 18 Navigation
Q4 2024[165] Soyuz 2.1a Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Obzor-R №1 Earth observation
2024[164] Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Ionosfera-M3
Ionosfera-M4 		Ionospheric research
2024[166] Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Meteor-M No.2-5 Weather
2024[167] Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned GLONASS-K2 No.2 (2xx) Navigation
2024[168] Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned Meridian-M 11 (21L) Communications
February 2025[163] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-30 ISS logistics
March 2025[161] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-27 ISS crew transport
May 2025[163] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-31 ISS logistics
August 2025[163] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-32 ISS logistics
September 2025[161] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-28 ISS crew transport
October 2025[163] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-33 ISS logistics
2025[169] Soyuz 2.1b Baikonur, Site 31/6 Planned Bion-M No.2 Biological science
2025[170] Soyuz 2.1b Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Resurs-P No.5 Earth observation
2025[164] Soyuz 2.1b Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Resurs-PM №1 Earth observation
2025[171][172] Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Kondor-FKA-M No.1 Reconnaissance
2025[166] Soyuz 2.1a / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Meteor-M No.2-6 Weather
2025[164] Soyuz 2.1b Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Resurs-PM №2 Earth observation
February 2026[163] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-34 ISS logistics
March 2026[161] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-29 ISS crew transport
May 2026[163] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-35 ISS logistics
August 2026[163] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-36 ISS logistics
September 2026[161] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31 Planned Soyuz MS-30 ISS crew transport
October 2026[163] Soyuz 2.1a Baikonur, Site 31/6 Scheduled Progress MS-37 ISS logistics
2027[173] Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Vostochny, Site 1S Planned Luna 26 Lunar orbiter
Soyuz 2.1b / Fregat Plesetsk, Site 43 Planned GLONASS-K 19–23 Navigation

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ 200 km (120 mi) circular LEO 51.8° inclination from Baikonur
  2. ^ 820 km (510 mi) SSO with Fregat from Guiana
  3. ^ 1,500 m/s (4,900 ft/s) Delta-V deficit GTO with Fregat from Guiana
  4. ^ with Fregat from Baikonur
  5. ^ with with Fregat from Guiana

References

edit
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  2. ^ "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  3. ^ Office, U. S. Government Accountability. "Surplus Missile Motors: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers". www.gao.gov. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
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  10. ^ Berger, Eric (26 February 2022). "Russia pulls out of European spaceport, abandoning a planned launch". Ars Technica. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
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  12. ^ Zak, Anatoly (1 June 2011). "Soyuz-2 to replace its predecessors". RussianSpaceWeb.com.
  13. ^ "Alexander Kirilin: "We are working on three rocket"". Volzkhskaya Kommuna. 1 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
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  16. ^ a b c d Zak, Anatoly (23 August 2015). "Soyuz-2 launch vehicle (14A14)". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 24 August 2015. Cite error: The named reference "rsw-soyuz2st" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. ^ a b c В РКЦ «Прогресс» завершены испытания ракеты-носителя для первого запуска с «Восточного» [JSC SRC Progress completes testing on the launch vehicle for the first Vostochny launch] (in Russian). Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
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  21. ^ V. M. Antimirov; A. B. Umansky; L. N. Shalimov (2013). Бортовые цифровые вычислительные системы семейства «Малахит» для работы в экстремальных условиях [Onboard digital computer systems of the "Malachite" family for extreme conditions.]. Vestnik Samara State Aerospace University (in Russian) (4 (42) UDC 629.7.05:004.3): 1. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  22. ^ Размещение ракеты-носителя «Союз-2» на космодроме „Восточный“ пока остается под вопросом [The placement of Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome remains under question] (in Russian). Radio Ekho Moskvy. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
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  27. ^ Soyuz flight VS01 Lifts Off From French Guiana.
  28. ^ Glonass-M satellite launched into orbit. Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine(in Russian)
  29. ^ Six defense satellites launched by Soyuz rocket
  30. ^ Russian satellite crashes into Siberia after launch
  31. ^ "Globalstar satellites "flawlessly" orbited by Soyuz". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  32. ^ Soyuz ST-B launches Galileo twins successfully to orbit.
  33. ^ "Soyuz VS-04 Pleiades 1B Launch Updates - SPACEFLIGHT101". Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  34. ^ Third Soyuz launch in a week bolsters Glonass system
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  38. ^ Soyuz ST-B successfully launches Gaia space observatory
  39. ^ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
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  41. ^ Soyuz-2-1A launches Kobalt-M reconnaissance satellite
  42. ^ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
  43. ^ Lift-off for British demo satellites
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  51. ^ Zak, Anatoly (17 December 2015). "Soyuz completes its eighth mission with Galileo satellites". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
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