Sodium monofluorophosphate

Sodium monofluorophosphate, commonly abbreviated SMFP, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na₂PO₃F. Typical for a salt, SMFP is odourless, colourless, and water-soluble. This salt is an ingredient in some toothpastes.

Sodium monofluorophosphate

Names
IUPAC name Disodium phosphorofluoridate
Other names Sodium fluorophosphate, disodium monofluorophosphate
Identifiers
CAS Number	10163-15-2 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:86431 N
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200892 N
ChemSpider	22686 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.030.381
EC Number	233-433-0
PubChem CID	24266
RTECS number	TE6130000
UNII	C810JCZ56Q N
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID70872554
InChI InChI=1S/FH2O3P.2Na/c1-5(2,3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2 Y Key: BFDWBSRJQZPEEB-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y InChI=1/FH2O3P.2Na/c1-5(2,3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2 Key: BFDWBSRJQZPEEB-NUQVWONBAA
SMILES [Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(F)=O
Properties
Chemical formula	Na2PFO3
Molar mass	143.95 g/mol
Appearance	white powder
Melting point	625 °C (1,157 °F; 898 K)
Solubility in water	25 g/100 mL
Solubility	insoluble in ethanol, ether
Pharmacology
ATC code	A01AA02 (WHO) A12CD02 (WHO)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 1
Flash point	Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	0,9g/kg (rat, oral)
Safety data sheet (SDS)	Sigma-Aldrich
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Uses

SMFP is best known as an ingredient in some toothpastes. It functions as a source of fluoride via the following hydrolysis reaction:

PO₃F²⁻ + OH⁻ → HPO₄²⁻ + F⁻

Fluoride protects tooth enamel from attack by bacteria that cause dental caries (cavities). Although developed by a chemist at Procter and Gamble, its use in toothpaste (Colgate toothpaste and Ultra Brite) was patented by Colgate-Palmolive, as Procter and Gamble was engaged in the marketing of Crest toothpaste (containing stannous fluoride, marketed as "Fluoristan"). In the early 1980s, Crest was reformulated to use SMFP, under the trademark "Fluoristat"; today Crest toothpastes use sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride. Compared to straight fluorides, sodium monofluorophosphate has slightly less aftertaste.

SMFP is also used in some medications for the treatment of osteoporosis.

In 1991, sodium monofluorophosphate was found by Calgon to inhibit the dissolution of lead in drinking water when used in concentrations between 0.1 mg/L and 500 mg/L.

Tooth decay

Tooth decay is caused by bacteria naturally present in one's mouth. These bacteria form a sticky, colorless soft film on the teeth called plaque. When foods containing carbohydrates (starches and sugars) are eaten, the bacteria that form plaque use the sugar as a form of energy. They also turn it into a glue-like substance that helps them stick to the surface of the tooth. The plaque produces acid, which attacks the enamel.

Chemistry of decay

Tooth enamel consists mostly of calcium hydroxyphosphate, Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH, also known as the mineral hydroxyapatite. Apatite is a hard, insoluble compound. Acid (H⁺), produced especially after a high-sugar meal, attacks the apatite:

Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH_(s) + H⁺_(aq) → Ca₅(PO₄)₃⁺_(aq) + H₂O_(ℓ)

Chemistry of enamel fluoridation

The degradation of apatite by loss of OH⁻ causes the enamel to dissolve. The process is reversible as saliva supplies back OH⁻ to reform apatite. If fluoride, F⁻, ions are present in saliva, fluorapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃F, also forms.

Ca₅(PO₄)₃⁺_(aq) + F⁻_(aq) → Ca₅(PO₄)₃F_(s)

Fluorapatite resists attacks by acids better than apatite itself, so the tooth enamel resists decay better than enamel containing no fluoride.

Preparation and structure

Sodium monofluorophosphate is produced industrially by the reaction of sodium fluoride with sodium metaphosphate:

NaPO₃ + NaF → Na₂PO₃F

The process involves scission of a pyrophosphate bond, analogous to hydrolysis. SMFP can also be prepared by treating tetrasodium pyrophosphate or disodium phosphate with hydrogen fluoride.

In the laboratory, SMFP can be prepared by hydrolysis of difluorophosphate ions with dilute sodium hydroxide:

PO₂F₂⁻ + 2 NaOH → Na₂PO₃F + H₂O + F⁻

Structure

The structure of the fluorophosphate anion consists of phosphorus at the center of a tetrahedron defined by three oxygen atoms and one fluorine. Formal representations depict a double bond between one oxygen atom and phosphorus, with single bonds for the other two oxygen atoms and the fluorine. In this very formal depiction, negative charge is localized on the O atoms of the single P-O bonds. SMFP is similar to and isoelectronic with Na₂SO₄. The anion has C_3v symmetry.

Discovery and development

Sodium monofluorophosphate was first described in 1929 by the German chemist Willy Lange, who was then with the University of Berlin. His fruitless attempts to prepare the free monofluorophosphoric acid led him to check the stability of its esters. Together with Gerda von Krüger, one of his students, Lange thus synthesized diethyl fluorophosphate and some analogs, which proved to be quite toxic, being related to nerve agents. In the 1930s, Gerhard Schrader, working for the German company IG Farben, tried to develop synthetic insecticide. His work focused on esters of phosphoric acid and resulted in an accidental discovery of some other nerve agents such as DFP (diisopropyl fluorophosphate), Tabun, Soman, and Sarin. In the meantime, Lange, who was married to a Jewish woman, emigrated from Germany to the United States and started work for Procter and Gamble Company. In 1947, he and Ralph Livingston of Monsanto Company published the preparation of the free fluorophosphoric acids and mentioned the use of some toxic esters of monofluorophosphoric acid (like DFP) in the treatment of glaucoma and myasthenia gravis. The well known toxicity of these esters led to fears that the simple salts might also be toxic, and such fears precluded any large scale commercial use of the salts. In 1950, under sponsorship of the manufacturer of the compounds, Ozark Chemical Company, the toxicity of sodium monofluorophosphate was studied by Harold Hodge at the University of Rochester who included anti-cavity testing. In 1967 Colgate-Palmolive filed several patents on the use of sodium monofluorophosphate in toothpaste.

Safety

The usual content of SMFP in toothpaste is 0.76%. The compound is used in place of sodium fluoride, particularly in children's toothpastes, because it is less acutely toxic, although both have modest toxicities. The LD₅₀ in rats is 0.9 g/kg.