Kabul, capital of Afghanistan, fell in November 2001 to the Northern Alliance forces during the War in Afghanistan. Northern Alliance forces began their attack on the city on 13 November and made swift progress against Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces that were heavily weakened by American and British air strikes. The advance moved ahead of plans, and the next day the Northern Alliance forces (supported by ODA 555)[2] entered Kabul and met no resistance inside the city. Taliban forces retreated to Kandahar in the south.[3]
| Fall of Kabul | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the War on terror, the United States invasion of Afghanistan and the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | |||||||
 Kabul in December 2003 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Islamic State of Afghanistan United States |
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Al-Qaeda[1] | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Mohammed Fahim Atiqullah Baryalai Tommy Franks |
Mullah Omar Osama bin Laden[1] Mohammed Atef † | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
|
Northern Alliance ODA 555 |
Afghan Armed Forces 055 Brigade | ||||||
Coupled with the fall of Mazar-i-Sharif five days earlier, the capture of Kabul was a significant blow to Taliban control of Afghanistan. As a result of all the losses, surviving members of the Taliban and al-Qaeda, including Osama bin Laden,[1] retreated toward Kandahar, the spiritual birthplace and home of the Taliban movement, and Tora Bora.[2]
Background
editBy late 2001, the Taliban had seized control of approximately 90% of the country during the 1996–2001 Afghan Civil War, and following the Al Qaeda orchestrated assassination of Northern Alliance commander Ahmad Shah Massoud two days before the September 11 attacks, there were concerns the entire country would fall under Taliban control. Their fighters consisted of between 25,000 and 30,000 fighters, and were supported by other groups including between 2000 and 3000 Arab fighters in Osama bin Laden's 055 Brigade.[4]
On 10 September, the Bush Administration agreed to a plan to oust the Taliban should they refuse to hand over Osama Bin Laden.[5] Following the September 11 attacks, on 14 September, the United States demanded that the Taliban surrender all known al-Qaeda associates, provide intelligence on bin Laden and his affiliates, and expel all terrorists from Afghanistan.[6]
On 7 October, after the Taliban failed to hand over bin Laden, the United States began their bombing campaign,[7] and over the next month Northern Alliance forces, supported by US Special Forces and airstrikes, advanced across the country, capturing several key cities.[8]
On 12 November, a brief battle took place on Shamali Plain between the Taliban and the Northern Alliance north of Kabul. For two years during the Afghan Civil War the frontline had been stalemated here, but with the Taliban demoralized by the fall of the northern cities, under constant attack by American air support, and fearing encirclement, they fell back to Kabul following just three hours of fighting, opening the road to the city.[9][10] Following the battle, the Taliban forces in Kabul evacuated the city, emptying the national treasury but in their haste leaving behind weapons and other possessions.[11]
Fall of Kabul
editDiscussions had been held between the Northern Alliance and various foreign governments, including the United States, Britain, and Pakistan, about the possible seizure of Kabul, with the American Secretary of State Colin Powell expressing that the foreign governments would prefer the alliance invest the city and not seize it, in order to improve the ability to form a broad and successful post-war government. The response to this pressure varied; some spokesmen agreed to this, while others suggested that they would push on to Kabul[12] and on 12 November, as alliance forces neared the city, the British Prime Minister Tony Blair expressed his expectation that alliance commanders would honour their commitment and not seize the city.[13]
Initially, the alliance held back from the city, with security guards being seen holding back armour and truckloads of infantry,[10] but this pause was short-lived, and the alliance proved unable or unwilling to prevent their forces from entering the city.[14]
Meanwhile, as the Taliban's control over Kabul was deteriorating, a tip reached CIA headquarters about an al-Qaeda convoy in the city, carrying a possible "high-value target." A CIA-operated drone tracked the convoy in the upscale Kabul neighborhood of Wazir Akbar Khan. The target was Mohammed Atef, an Egyptian militant and a key figure in al-Qaeda. An airstrike was carried out, killing Atef and dealing a significant blow to al-Qaeda, as he had been one of the leading members of the organization and was seen as a likely successor to Osama bin Laden.[15]
Aftermath
editWith the fall of the city, there were some incidents of vengeance against the Taliban; the BBC's John Simpson reported hearing chants of "kill the Taliban" from the inhabitants of Kabul as he entered the city, with many Taliban fighters, particularly foreign fighters from the Arabian Peninsula and Pakistan, being lynched and left in ditches while others were beaten with rifles and fists after their capture.[16]
The liberation from the Taliban also resulted in the practice of behaviours formerly prohibited; the "great Afghan passion" of kite flying, which the Taliban had tried to stamp out, was taken up again, music was played, and young men lined up at street barbers to cut off the beard the Taliban had forced them to wear – though most would choose to keep it.[10][14]
The fall of the city to the alliance did bring concerns about the long-lasting stability in the country. The alliance primarily consisted of minority ethnic groups within Afghanistan; Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Hazaras, while the Taliban was dominated by the majority ethnic group, the Pashtuns, and it was feared that the seizure of the city would make it more difficult to form a broad and inclusive coalition that would bring stability to the nation, particularly if the Taliban position in the south did not collapse and they continued to fight on as a guerrilla force.[14]
References
edit- ^ a b c d "In Hiding, Bin Laden Had Four Children and Five Houses". New York Times. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ a b Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-1472807908, p.43
- ^ "The United States Army in Afghanistan - Operation ENDURING FREEDOM - October 2001-March 2003". army.mil. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008.
- ^ Rashid, Ahmed. "Afghanistan resistance leader feared dead in blast". www.telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ Borger, Julian (24 March 2004). "Bush team 'agreed plan to attack the Taliban the day before September 11'". the Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ "U.S. Department of State, Gameplan for Polmil Strategy for Pakistan and Afghanistan", September 14, 2001, Secret/NODIS" Document 6, The National Security Archive Accessed April 26, 2013
- ^ "Defense officials: Air operation to last 'several days'". CNN. 7 October 2001. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
- ^ Gresham, John (12 September 2011). "The Campaign Plan – Special Operations Forces and Operation Enduring Freedom". Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- ^ Davis, Anthony (26 November 2001). "Dispatches: Eyewitness to a Sudden and Bloody Liberation". Time. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ a b c "The Fall of Kabul". PBS NewsHour. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ Applebaum, Anne (14 November 2001). "The fall of Kabul". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ "The battle for Kabul". The Economist. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ "Timeline: the fall of Kabul". the Guardian. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ a b c "The fall of Kabul". The Economist. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
- ^ Bergen, Peter L. (3 August 2021). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 169-170. ISBN 978-1-9821-7052-3.
- ^ Simpson, John (13 November 2001). "Eyewitness: The liberation of Kabul". BBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2021.