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Shadow of a Doubt

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For other uses, see Shadow of a Doubt (disambiguation).

Shadow of a Doubt is a 1943 American psychological thriller film noir directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and starring Teresa Wright and Joseph Cotten. Written by Thornton Wilder, Sally Benson, and Alma Reville, the film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Story for Gordon McDonell.

Shadow of a Doubt
Theatrical release poster, Style C
Directed byAlfred Hitchcock
Screenplay by
Story byGordon McDonell
Produced byJack H. Skirball
Starring
CinematographyJoseph A. Valentine
Edited byMilton Carruth
Music byDimitri Tiomkin (original)
Franz Lehár
Production
company
Skirball Productions
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
  • January 12, 1943 (1943-01-12)
Running time
108 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Box office$1.2 million (U.S. rentals)[2]

Charlotte "Charlie" Newton and her parents live in very quiet Santa Rosa, California. An unexpected visit by Charles Oakley, her charming and sophisticated "Uncle Charlie", brings much excitement to her family and the small town. That excitement turns to fear as young Charlie slowly realizes her uncle is in fact a wanted serial murderer known as the "Merry Widow" killer. The fear escalates when Oakley realizes she knows his secret.

In 1991, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[3][4] The film was also Alfred Hitchcock's favorite of all of his films.[5]

Plot

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The film opens on Charles Oakley smoking in bed surrounded by money. His landlady announces he had two visitors. Charles spots them outside and lures them to an abandoned building where he gives them the slip. He telegraphs his sister in Santa Rosa, California to let her know he will visit.

His niece Charlotte "Charlie" Newton is bored with her family's routine and decides to telegraph Uncle Charlie (her eponym) and ask for a visit. She is thrilled to learn he is already on his way and feels they are linked by a kind of telepathy. The Newtons are delighted at Uncle Charlie's company. He has extravagant gifts for everyone: a watch for his brother-in-law, a fur for his sister, and an emerald ring for his niece. Young Charlie notices the ring is engraved with someone else's initials. Uncle Charlie explains the jeweler must have rooked him.

Two men soon appear at the Newton home pretending to survey middle class homes. They go to great lengths to take Uncle Charlie's picture. Young Charlie guesses they are undercover detectives. They explain her uncle is one of two suspects in a nationwide manhunt. Charlie refuses to believe it at first, but learns that the initials engraved inside the emerald ring match one of the victims of the "Merry Widow Murderer". She eyes her uncle with growing suspicion and dread.

During one dinner, Uncle Charlie lets his guard down and rants about rich widows, describing them as "fat, wheezing animals". Horrified, young Charlie runs out of the room. Uncle Charlie follows her and takes her into a seedy bar. He admits he is one of the two murder suspects and begs for help. She reluctantly agrees not to say anything. She is desperate to avoid a disgrace that would destroy her mother, who adores her younger brother.

 
Uncle Charlie (Joseph Cotten) confronts his niece (Teresa Wright) in a seedy bar about what she knows.

News breaks that the other Merry Widow suspect was chased by police and killed. Everyone assumes he was the actual murderer. Uncle Charlie is delighted to be off the hook, but young Charlie still suspects him. Not long afterward, she falls down the back porch stairs, which she discovers were deliberately cut through. Meanwhile, the detectives confide in young Charlie that the picture they took of her uncle has been sent east for identification by a witness.

Uncle Charlie reveals he wants to settle down in Santa Rosa. Young Charlie is appalled, but her uncle reminds her there is no proof he is a killer. He has even taken back the emerald ring with the initials. Young Charlie says she will kill him if he stays. Later that night, Uncle Charlie leaves the car idling in the garage and traps Young Charlie inside. A neighbor hears her struggling and alerts the Newtons. Uncle Charlie makes a show of saving her.

Young Charlie finds the emerald ring in her uncle's room and puts it on. When Uncle Charlie sees it on her finger, he abruptly announces he is leaving for San Francisco – coincidentally on the same train as Mrs. Porter, a rich widow. At the station, Uncle Charlie invites his niece onboard to see his compartment. When the train starts to move, he stops her from leaving and explains he has to kill her. Just before Young Charlie is thrown out, she manages to reverse positions with her uncle, and he falls into the path of an incoming train.

At his funeral, Uncle Charlie is sentimentally honored by the townspeople. Young Charlie laments with one of the detectives that they know he was actually the Merry Widow Murderer. They resolve to keep Uncle Charlie's crimes a secret.

Cast

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Promotional portrait of Teresa Wright for Shadow of a Doubt, the film for which she received her first top billing
  • Teresa Wright as Charlotte "Charlie" Newton who initially idolizes her loving uncle. Wright was given the screenplay, and pursued the role of Charlie due to her adoration of Hitchcock's work.[6]
  • Joseph Cotten as Charles "Uncle Charlie" Oakley. Cotten had a previously established relationship with Hitchcock which may have helped him get the role in the film.
  • Macdonald Carey as Detective Jack Graham
  • Henry Travers as Joseph Newton, Young Charlie's father, who loves to read crime stories.
  • Patricia Collinge as Emma Newton, Young Charlie's mother and Uncle Charlie's sister. Emma was named after Hitchcock's mother, who died during production of the film.
  • Wallace Ford as Detective Fred Saunders
  • Hume Cronyn as Herbie Hawkins, a neighbor and crime fiction buff. He discusses ideas for the perfect murder with Charlie's father.
  • Edna May Wonacott as Ann Newton. Wonacott was chosen for the role of Ann Newton by Alfred Hitchcock while they were waiting for a bus. She had no previous acting experience, and had to be coached by Hitchcock's daughter between takes. Wonacott had received a seven-year contract with a film studio, and Hitchcock believed she would have a successful acting career.[7]
  • Charles Bates as Roger Newton
  • Irving Bacon as Station Master
  • Clarence Muse as Pullman Porter
  • Janet Shaw as Louise Finch
  • Estelle Jewell as Catherine

Uncredited cast

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Hitchcock's cameo

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Alfred Hitchcock appears about 16 minutes into the film, on the train to Santa Rosa, playing bridge with Doctor and Mrs. Harry. Charlie is traveling on the train under the assumed name of Otis, and is lying down due to a migraine. Mrs. Harry is eager to help him, but her husband is not interested and keeps playing bridge. Doctor Harry replies to Hitchcock that he does not look well while Hitchcock is holding a full suit of spades, the best hand for bridge.[8]

Production

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Santa Rosa railroad depot in 2010
 
1905 postcard of the Santa Rosa library

The project began when the head of David Selznick's story department, Margaret McDonell, told Hitchcock that her husband Gordon had an interesting idea for a novel that she thought would make a good movie. His idea, called "Uncle Charlie", was based on the true story of Earle Nelson, a serial killer of the late 1920s known as "the Gorilla Man".

Shadow of a Doubt was both filmed and set in Santa Rosa, California, which was portrayed as a paragon of a supposedly peaceful, small, pre-War American city. Since Thornton Wilder wrote the original script, the story is set in a small American town, a popular setting of Wilder's, but with an added Hitchcock touch to it. The director specifically wanted Wilder to work on McDonell's nine-page treatment because he admired Our Town. [9]: 109  In Patrick McGilligan's biography of Hitchcock, he said the film was perhaps the most American film that Hitchcock had made up to that time.

The opening scenes take place in the East Ward (aka the "Ironbound"/"Down Neck" section of Newark, New Jersey). The city skyline and landmarks such as the Pulaski Skyway are featured in the opening shot. The location shots were used to comply with the wartime War Production Board restrictions of a maximum cost of $5,000 for set construction.[10]

An Italianate-style house, built in 1872, was used for exterior shots of the Newton family home. As of 2024, it is still standing, located at 904 McDonald Avenue in Santa Rosa.

The stone railway station in the film was built in 1904 for the Northwestern Pacific Railroad and is one of the few commercial buildings in central Santa Rosa to survive the earthquake of April 18, 1906. The station is currently a visitor center. The library was a Carnegie Library which was demolished in 1964 due to seismic concerns.[11] Some of the buildings in the center of Santa Rosa that are seen in the film were damaged or destroyed by earthquakes in 1969; much of the area was cleared of debris and largely rebuilt.

The film was scored by Dimitri Tiomkin, his first collaboration with Hitchcock (the others being Strangers on a Train, I Confess and Dial M for Murder). In his score, Tiomkin quotes the Merry Widow Waltz of Franz Lehár, often in somewhat distorted forms, as a leitmotif for Uncle Charlie and his serial murders. During the opening credits, the waltz theme is heard along with a prolonged shot of couples dancing. The image recurs frequently throughout the film, and Lehár's melody is an earworm for several characters. When Young Charlie is on the verge of identifying it at the dinner table, Uncle Charlie distracts her.[9]: 110–1 

Cinematography

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Theatrical advertisement from 1943

Cinematographer Joseph A. Valentine described his work on the film: "Our Santa Rosa location was chosen because it seemed to be typical of the average American small city, and offered, as well, the physical facilities the script demanded. There was a public square, around which much of the city's life resolves. There was an indefinable blending of small town and city, and of old and new, which made the town a much more typical background of an average American town than anything that could have been deliberately designed. The Santa Rosans were very cooperative, and most of our problems in these scenes were the ordinary ones of rigging scrims and placing reflectors or booster lights where they were needed.

The most spectacular part of our work was naturally the making of the night exterior sequences. We had with us two generator sets, ten 150-ampere arc spotlights, and the usual assortment of incandescent lights...making a total of 3,000 ampere maximum electrical capacity. With this we lit up an expanse of four city blocks for our night-effect long shots!....Oddly enough, one of our less spectacular night scenes proved really the harder problem. This was a sequence played around the city's public library. This building is a lovely Gothic structure, almost completely clothed in ivy. I think all of us were surprised at the way those dark green ivy leaves drank up the light. Actually, on our long shots of that single building we used every unit of lighting equipment we had with us—and we could very conveniently have used more if we had had them!....Frequently people who have seen these night scenes of ours have jumped to the conclusion that with such an area to illuminate we must have filmed them by day with Infra-Red film rather than actually by night. If only they'd seen how we worked to finish our night scenes before the Pacific Coast's "dim-out" order [of WWII] went into effect, they'd change their minds. All of our night scenes were filmed actually at night—and we just got under the wire, finishing the last one scarcely a matter of hours before the dim-out became effective."[12]

Reception

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Alternate "Style D" theatrical release poster

Upon release, the film received unanimously positive reviews. Bosley Crowther, critic for The New York Times, loved the film, stating that "Hitchcock could raise more goose pimples to the square inch of a customer's flesh than any other director in Hollywood".[13] Time Magazine called the film "superb",[13] while Variety stated that "Hitchcock deftly etches his small-town characters and homey surroundings".[13] The entertainment trade paper The Film Daily was yet another reviewer in 1943 that praised every aspect of the production. The publication predicted big “box office” for theaters presenting Hitchcock's latest work, although in its detailed review of Shadow of a Doubt the paper does mistakenly refer to the director's 1941 film Suspicion as "'Suspense'":

Of all the startling feature films directed by Alfred Hitchcock—superman of suspense and wizard of mystery—this one is geared most highly to thrill American audiences and to pour coin into the coffers of U.S. theaters....There are no red herrings yanked across the trail in this attraction, as was the case in his recent hit, "Suspense". The story moves inflexibly toward an ending which the onlooker more or less clearly expects, but which elicits the periodic hope that the worst fears of Teresa Wright will not be realized. ...Production values under Jack H. Skirball are first-rate, as is Joseph Valentine’s photography. There is not a shadow of a doubt about this picture’s success.[14]

In a 1964 interview on Telescope with host Fletcher Markle, Markle noted, "Mr. Hitchcock, most critics have always considered Shadow of a Doubt, which you made in 1943, as your finest film." Hitchcock replied immediately, "Me too." Markle then asked, "That is your opinion of it still?" Hitchcock replied, "Oh, no question." At the time, Hitchcock's most recent work was Marnie. When later interviewed by François Truffaut, Hitchcock denied the suggestion that Shadow of a Doubt was his "favourite".[15] But in the audio interview with Truffaut, Hitchcock confirmed it was his favourite film, and later reiterated that Shadow of a Doubt was his favorite film in his interview with Mike Douglas in 1969 and in his interview with Dick Cavett in 1972. Alfred Hitchcock's daughter Pat Hitchcock also said that her father's favorite film was Shadow of a Doubt in Laurent Bouzereau’s 2000 documentary Beyond Doubt: The Making of Hitchcock's Favorite Film.

Today, the film is still regarded as a major work of Hitchcock's. Contemporary critic Dave Kehr called it Hitchcock's "first indisputable masterpiece."[16] In 2005 film critic David Denby of The New Yorker called it Hitchcock's most "intimate and heart-wrenching" film.[17] Based on 48 reviews on the website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has received a 100% approval rating, with a weighted average of 9.20/10. The site's consensus reads: "Alfred Hitchcock's earliest classic — and his own personal favorite — deals its flesh-crawling thrills as deftly as its finely shaded characters".[13] On Metacritic it has a score of 94 out of 100, based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[18] When asked by critics as to an overarching theme for the film Hitchcock responded: "Love and good order is no defense against evil". In his book Bambi vs. Godzilla, David Mamet calls it Hitchcock's finest film.[19] In his 2011 review of the film, film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four and included it in his Great Movies list.[20] In 2022, Time Out magazine ranked the film at No. 41 on their list of "The 100 best thriller films of all time".[21]

Adaptations and remakes

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Radio

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The film was adapted for Cecil B. DeMille's Lux Radio Theater aired on January 3, 1944, with its original leading actress Teresa Wright and William Powell as Uncle Charlie (Patrick McGilligan said Hitchcock had originally wanted Powell to play Uncle Charlie, but MGM refused to lend the actor for the film). In 1950, Shadow of a Doubt was featured as a radio-play on Screen Directors Playhouse. It starred Cary Grant as Uncle Charlie and Betsy Drake as the young Charlie.[22] It was also adapted to the Ford Theater (February 18, 1949). The Screen Guild Theater adapted the film twice with Joseph Cotten, the first with Vanessa Brown as young Charlie, and the second with Deanna Durbin in the role. The Academy Award Theater production of Shadow of a Doubt was aired on September 11, 1946.[23]

Film

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The film has been remade twice: in 1958 as Step Down to Terror,[24] and again (under the original title) as a 1991 TV movie in which Mark Harmon portrayed Uncle Charlie.[25]

Shadow of a Doubt influenced the beginning of Park Chan-wook's 2013 film Stoker.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Shadow Of A Doubt (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. February 10, 1943. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  2. ^ "Top Grossers of the Season", Variety, 5 January 1944 p 54
  3. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  4. ^ Kehr, Dave. "U.S. FILM REGISTRY ADDS 25 'SIGNIFICANT' MOVIES". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  5. ^ "What Was Hitchcock's Favorite Movie He Made?". nofilmschool. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  6. ^ "The Making of Hitchcock's 'Shadow of a Doubt'". March 20, 2022. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023.
  7. ^ "The Pittsburgh Press – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  8. ^ "Shadow of a Doubt". American Film Institute.
  9. ^ a b Truffaut, François. Alfred Hitchcock - A Definitive Study. Simon & Schuster, 1967.
  10. ^ "$5,000 Production". Life. January 25, 1943. pp. 70–78.
  11. ^ "Santa Rosa's Carnegie Library". sonomalibrary.org. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  12. ^ Valentine, Joseph A. "Using an Actual Town Instead of Movie Sets." American Cinematographer 23:10 (October 1942), 440-41, 461-62.
  13. ^ a b c d "Shadow of a Doubt". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  14. ^ "Reviews Of New Films", Shadow of a Doubt; The Film Daily (New York, N.Y.), January 8, 1943, p. 5, columns 3-4. Internet Archive, San Francisco, California. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  15. ^ Jim McDevitt, Eric San Juan. A Year of Hitchcock: 52 Weeks With the Master of Suspense. ISBN 9780810863880. Page 158.
  16. ^ "Shadow of a Doubt". Chicago Reader. April 5, 1985. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  17. ^ Denby, David (December 4, 2005). "Master's Choice". The New Yorker.
  18. ^ "Shadow of a Doubt". Metacritic.
  19. ^ David Mamet, Bambi vs. Godzilla (Vintage, 2008).
  20. ^ Ebert, Roger (November 9, 2011). "Uncle Charlie brings excitement to a small town". Roger Ebert.
  21. ^ "The 100 best thriller films of all time". Time Out. March 23, 2022.
  22. ^ "Other Cary Grant Radio Appearances". carygrantradio.com.
  23. ^ "Old Time Radio (OTR) Drama and Adventure".
  24. ^ Stephen Vagg, Rod Taylor: An Aussie in Hollywood, Bear Manor Media 2010 p. 58
  25. ^ Vagg, Stephen (March 25, 2023). "A Brief History of Hitchcock Remakes". Filmink.
  26. ^ Radish, Christina (August 3, 2010). "SDCC 2010: Wentworth Miller Interview RESIDENT EVIL: AFTERLIFE; Plus Updates on STOKER and UNCLE CHARLIE". collider.com. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
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