Śa (Indic)

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Śa or Sha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Śa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Śa
Śa
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseŚa
TibetanŚa
Tamil
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiŚa
DevanagariŚa
Cognates
Hebrewש
GreekΣ (Ϲ), Ϛ
LatinS (ſ), ẞ, Ʃ, Š
CyrillicС, Ш, Щ
Properties
Phonemic representation/ʃ/
IAST transliterationś Ś
ISCII code pointD5 (213)

Āryabhaṭa numeration

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Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of श are:[1]

  • [ʃə] = 70 (७०)
  • शि [ʃɪ] = 7,000 (७ ०००)
  • शु [ʃʊ] = 700,000 (७ ०० ०००)
  • शृ [ʃri] = 70,000,000 (७ ०० ०० ०००)
  • शॢ [ʃlə] = 7×109 (७×१०)
  • शे [ʃe] = 7×1011 (७×१०११)
  • शै [ʃɛː] = 7×1013 (७×१०१३)
  • शो [ʃoː] = 7×1015 (७×१०१५)
  • शौ [ʃɔː] = 7×1017 (७×१०१७)

Historic Sha

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There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Sha as found in standard Brahmi,   was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta  . The Tocharian Sha   had an alternate Fremdzeichen form,  . The third form of sha, in Kharoshthi ( ) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Sha

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The Brahmi letter  , Sha, is probably derived from the Aramaic Shin  , and is thus related to the modern Latin S and Greek Sigma.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Sha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Sha historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
  No sample      

Tocharian Sha

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The Tocharian letter   is derived from the Brahmi  , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form   used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Shä.

Tocharian Sha with vowel marks
Sha Shā Shi Shī Shu Shū Shr Shr̄ She Shai Sho Shau Shä Fremdzeichen
                         

Kharoṣṭhī Sha

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The Kharoṣṭhī letter   is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Shin  , and is thus related to S and Sigma, in addition to the Brahmi Sha.[2]

Devanagari Śa

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Devanagari Sha
Different presentations of Devanagari letter श.

Śa ( / ) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , after having gone through the Gupta letter  . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘫.

The letter has several alternate forms. The most common form found in modern typography has a full horizontal headline, with a "2"-shape loop directly touching or even overlapping the headline at its top. Its tail may or may not touch the following vertical stem. A second form has a headline only over the vertical stem. A third form is found more commonly in traditional Marathi-language typography and has a full horizontal headline, and a "2"-shape without loop that is lowered slightly and connected to the headline with a small ascender at its top. [4]

Devanagari-using Languages

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In all languages, श is pronounced as [ʃə] or [ʃ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari श with vowel marks
Śa Śā Śi Śī Śu Śū Śr Śr̄ Śl Śl̄ Śe Śai Śo Śau Ś
शा शि शी शु शू शृ शॄ शॢ शॣ शे शै शो शौ श्

Conjuncts with श

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Half form of Śa.
 
Half form of Ribbon Śa.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Śa is unique in having an alternate form found only in conjuncts, sometimes called "Ribbon Śa", that appears as both a half form in horizontal conjuncts and as an element in vertical conjuncts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[5]

Ligature conjuncts of श

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True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form   for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa: note

 

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + न (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

 

Stacked conjuncts of श

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Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature cʰʃa:

 

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʱʃa:

 

  • ड্ (ḍ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʃa:

 

  • द্ (d) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature dʃa:

 

  • ज্ (j) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature jʃa:

 

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋʃa:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ʃba:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ʃja:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃjña:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ʃla:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ʃḷa:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃña:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ʃʃa:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + व (va) gives the ligature ʃva:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʰʃa:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʃa:

 

Bengali Sha

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The Bengali script শ is derived from the Siddhaṃ  , and is marked by the lack of a horizontal head line, unlike the reduced head line of its Devanagari counterpart, श. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter শ will sometimes be transliterated as "sho" instead of "sha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ʃo/. Like all Indic consonants, শ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali শ with vowel marks
sha shā shi shī shu shū shr shr̄ she shai sho shau sh
শা শি শী শু শূ শৃ শৄ শে শৈ শো শৌ শ্

শ in Bengali-using languages

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শ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with শ

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Bengali শ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[6]

Other conjuncts of শ

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  • র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa, with the repha prefix:

 

  • র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rʃva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:

 

  • র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

  • শ্ (ʃ) + চ (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:

 

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa:

 

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ল (la) gives the ligature ʃla:

 

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:

 

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

 

  • শ্ (ʃ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ʃra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ʃva, with the va phala suffix:

 

  • শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ʃya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

Gujarati Śa

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Gujarati Śa.

Śa () is the thirtieth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Śa   with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter  .

Gujarati-using Languages

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The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, શ is pronounced as [ʃə] or [ʃ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Śa Śā Śi Śī Śu Śū Śr Śl Śr̄ Śl̄ Śĕ Śe Śai Śŏ Śo Śau Ś
 
Gujarati Śa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with શ

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Half form of Śa.

Gujarati શ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + શ (ʃa) gives the ligature RŚa:

 

  • શ્ (ʃ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ŚRa:

 

  • શ્ (ʃ) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature ŚCa:

 

  • શ્ (ʃ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ŚNa:

 

  • શ્ (ʃ) + લ (la) gives the ligature ŚLa:

 

  • શ્ (ʃ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ŚVa:

 

Telugu Śa

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Telugu independent and subjoined Śa.

Śa () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Śa

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Malayalam letter Śa

Śa () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Grantha letter   Sha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

 
Malayalam Sha matras: Sha, Shā, Shi, Shī, Shu, Shū, Shr̥, Shr̥̄, Shl̥, Shl̥̄, She, Shē, Shai, Sho, Shō, Shau, and Sh.

Conjuncts of ശ

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As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ശ് (ʃ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

 

  • ശ് (ʃ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:

 

  • ശ് (ʃ) + ശ (ʃa) gives the ligature ʃʃa:

 

Odia Śa

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Odia independent and subjoined letter Śa.

Śa () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Sha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Sha with vowel matras
Śa Śā Śi Śī Śu Śū Śr̥ Śr̥̄ Śl̥ Śl̥̄ Śe Śai Śo Śau Ś
ଶା ଶି ଶୀ ଶୁ ଶୂ ଶୃ ଶୄ ଶୢ ଶୣ ଶେ ଶୈ ଶୋ ଶୌ ଶ୍

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. ଶ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures, although the subjoined form of Cha used with Sha is irregular:

  • ଶ୍ (ś) + ଛ (cha) gives the ligature ścha:

 

Kaithi Śa

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Kaithi consonant and half-form Śa.

Śa (𑂬) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Sha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Sha with vowel matras
Sha Shā Shi Shī Shu Shū She Shai Sho Shau Sh
𑂬 𑂬𑂰 𑂬𑂱 𑂬𑂲 𑂬𑂳 𑂬𑂴 𑂬𑂵 𑂬𑂶 𑂬𑂷 𑂬𑂸 𑂬𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂬

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As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂬 (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

 

Comparison of Śa

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The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Śa, are related as well.

Comparison of Śa in different scripts
Aramaic
 
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨭
Ashoka Brahmi
 
Kushana Brahmi[a]
 
Tocharian[b]
  /  
Gupta Brahmi
 
Pallava
 
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰫
Siddhaṃ
 
Grantha
𑌶
Cham
-
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
 
Newa
𑐱
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
 
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤪
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩿
Khmer
Tamil
Chakma
-
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
-
Marchen
𑲌
Tirhuta
𑒬
New Tai Lue
-
Tai Viet
-
Aksara Kawi
 
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆯
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨮
Bengali-Assamese
 
Takri
𑚧
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠧
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘫
Gujarati
Khojki
-
Khudabadi
𑋜
Mahajani
-
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
 
Nandinagari
𑧋
Kaithi
 
Gurmukhi
Multani
-
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩿
Sylheti Nagari
-
Gunjala Gondi
-
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴩
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Śa

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Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Śa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Śa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview    
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER SHA BENGALI LETTER SHA TAMIL LETTER SHA TELUGU LETTER SHA ORIYA LETTER SHA KANNADA LETTER SHA MALAYALAM LETTER SHA GUJARATI LETTER SHA GURMUKHI LETTER SHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2358 U+0936 2486 U+09B6 2998 U+0BB6 3126 U+0C36 2870 U+0B36 3254 U+0CB6 3382 U+0D36 2742 U+0AB6 2614 U+0A36
UTF-8 224 164 182 E0 A4 B6 224 166 182 E0 A6 B6 224 174 182 E0 AE B6 224 176 182 E0 B0 B6 224 172 182 E0 AC B6 224 178 182 E0 B2 B6 224 180 182 E0 B4 B6 224 170 182 E0 AA B6 224 168 182 E0 A8 B6
Numeric character reference श श শ শ ஶ ஶ శ శ ଶ ଶ ಶ ಶ ശ ശ શ શ ਸ਼ ਸ਼
ISCII 213 D5 213 D5 213 D5 213 D5 213 D5 213 D5 213 D5 213 D5 213 D5


Character information
Preview
Ashoka 
Kushana 
Gupta 
𐨭   𑌶
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER SHA KHAROSHTHI LETTER SHA SIDDHAM LETTER SHA GRANTHA LETTER SHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69680 U+11030 68141 U+10A2D 71083 U+115AB 70454 U+11336
UTF-8 240 145 128 176 F0 91 80 B0 240 144 168 173 F0 90 A8 AD 240 145 150 171 F0 91 96 AB 240 145 140 182 F0 91 8C B6
UTF-16 55300 56368 D804 DC30 55298 56877 D802 DE2D 55301 56747 D805 DDAB 55300 57142 D804 DF36
Numeric character reference 𑀰 𑀰 𐨭 𐨭 𑖫 𑖫 𑌶 𑌶


Character information
Preview   𑨮 𑐱 𑰫 𑆯
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER SHA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER SHA PHAGS-PA LETTER SHA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SHA NEWA LETTER SHA BHAIKSUKI LETTER SHA SHARADA LETTER SHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3940 U+0F64 4020 U+0FB4 43098 U+A85A 72238 U+11A2E 70705 U+11431 72747 U+11C2B 70063 U+111AF
UTF-8 224 189 164 E0 BD A4 224 190 180 E0 BE B4 234 161 154 EA A1 9A 240 145 168 174 F0 91 A8 AE 240 145 144 177 F0 91 90 B1 240 145 176 171 F0 91 B0 AB 240 145 134 175 F0 91 86 AF
UTF-16 3940 0F64 4020 0FB4 43098 A85A 55302 56878 D806 DE2E 55301 56369 D805 DC31 55303 56363 D807 DC2B 55300 56751 D804 DDAF
Numeric character reference ཤ ཤ ྴ ྴ ꡚ ꡚ 𑨮 𑨮 𑐱 𑐱 𑰫 𑰫 𑆯 𑆯


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER SHA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 4176 U+1050 6726 U+1A46
UTF-8 225 129 144 E1 81 90 225 169 134 E1 A9 86
Numeric character reference ၐ ၐ ᩆ ᩆ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER SHA LAO LETTER SANSKRIT SHA THAI CHARACTER SO SALA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6045 U+179D 3752 U+0EA8 3624 U+0E28
UTF-8 225 158 157 E1 9E 9D 224 186 168 E0 BA A8 224 184 168 E0 B8 A8
Numeric character reference ឝ ឝ ຨ ຨ ศ ศ


Character information
Preview 𑤪
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER TAALUJA SAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER SHA DIVES AKURU LETTER SHA SAURASHTRA LETTER SHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3521 U+0DC1 43279 U+A90F 71978 U+1192A 43183 U+A8AF
UTF-8 224 183 129 E0 B7 81 234 164 143 EA A4 8F 240 145 164 170 F0 91 A4 AA 234 162 175 EA A2 AF
UTF-16 3521 0DC1 43279 A90F 55302 56618 D806 DD2A 43183 A8AF
Numeric character reference ශ ශ ꤏ ꤏ 𑤪 𑤪 ꢯ ꢯ


Character information
Preview 𑘫 𑧋 𑩿  
Unicode name MODI LETTER SHA NANDINAGARI LETTER SHA SOYOMBO LETTER SHA KAITHI LETTER SHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71211 U+1162B 72139 U+119CB 72319 U+11A7F 69804 U+110AC
UTF-8 240 145 152 171 F0 91 98 AB 240 145 167 139 F0 91 A7 8B 240 145 169 191 F0 91 A9 BF 240 145 130 172 F0 91 82 AC
UTF-16 55301 56875 D805 DE2B 55302 56779 D806 DDCB 55302 56959 D806 DE7F 55300 56492 D804 DCAC
Numeric character reference 𑘫 𑘫 𑧋 𑧋 𑩿 𑩿 𑂬 𑂬


Character information
Preview 𑒬 𑲌
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER SHA LEPCHA LETTER SHA LIMBU LETTER SHA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER SHA MARCHEN LETTER SHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70828 U+114AC 7201 U+1C21 6425 U+1919 43753 U+AAE9 72844 U+11C8C
UTF-8 240 145 146 172 F0 91 92 AC 225 176 161 E1 B0 A1 225 164 153 E1 A4 99 234 171 169 EA AB A9 240 145 178 140 F0 91 B2 8C
UTF-16 55301 56492 D805 DCAC 7201 1C21 6425 1919 43753 AAE9 55303 56460 D807 DC8C
Numeric character reference 𑒬 𑒬 ᰡ ᰡ ᤙ ᤙ ꫩ ꫩ 𑲌 𑲌


Character information
Preview 𑚧 𑠧 𑋜
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER SHA DOGRA LETTER SHA KHUDAWADI LETTER SHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71335 U+116A7 71719 U+11827 70364 U+112DC
UTF-8 240 145 154 167 F0 91 9A A7 240 145 160 167 F0 91 A0 A7 240 145 139 156 F0 91 8B 9C
UTF-16 55301 56999 D805 DEA7 55302 56359 D806 DC27 55300 57052 D804 DEDC
Numeric character reference 𑚧 𑚧 𑠧 𑠧 𑋜 𑋜


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER SA SAGA JAVANESE LETTER SA MURDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 6960 U+1B30 43439 U+A9AF
UTF-8 225 172 176 E1 AC B0 234 166 175 EA A6 AF
Numeric character reference ᬰ ᬰ ꦯ ꦯ


Character information
Preview 𑴩
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER SHA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 73001 U+11D29
UTF-8 240 145 180 169 F0 91 B4 A9
UTF-16 55303 56617 D807 DD29
Numeric character reference 𑴩 𑴩



References

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  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Mangas Afonso, Héctor. "Regional forms of Devanagari (Survey Report)". Typotheque. typotheque.com. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  5. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  6. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".