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Saratoga County, New York

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"Saratoga County" redirects here. For other uses, see Saratoga County, Jefferson Territory.

Saratoga County is a county in the U.S. state of New York, and is the fastest-growing county in Upstate New York.[4] As of the 2020 U.S. census, the county's population was enumerated at 235,509,[1] its highest decennial count ever and a 7.2% increase from the 219,607 recorded at the 2010 census,[5] representing one of the fastest growth rates in New York. The county seat is Ballston Spa.[6] The county is part of the Capital District region of the state.

Saratoga County
County
Downtown Saratoga Springs
Downtown Saratoga Springs
Flag of Saratoga County
Flag
Official seal of Saratoga County
Seal
Map of New York highlighting Saratoga County
Location within the U.S. state of New York
Map of the United States highlighting New York
New York's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 43°07′N 73°52′W / 43.11°N 73.87°W / 43.11; -73.87
Country United States
State New York
FoundedFebruary 7, 1791; 233 years ago (1791-02-07)[a]
Named forIroquois sah-rah-ka, "the hill beside the river"
SeatBallston Spa
Largest citySaratoga Springs
Area
 • Total844 sq mi (2,190 km2)
 • Land810 sq mi (2,100 km2)
 • Water34 sq mi (90 km2)  4.0%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total235,509[1][2]
 • Density290.8/sq mi (112.3/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district20th
Websitesaratogacountyny.gov
Highest elevation: 2,759 ft (841 m) (Tenant Mountain),[3] in the Adirondack Mountains.
Lowest elevation: 69 ft (21 m), at the confluence of the Hudson River and the Mohawk River.
Map
Interactive map of Saratoga County, New York

Saratoga County's name was derived from the Iroquois word sah-rah-ka or sarach-togue, meaning "the hill beside the river", referring to the Hudson River bordering the county on its eastern flank and the Mohawk River delineating its southern border. Saratoga County, bisected by the toll-free, six-lane Adirondack Northway, serves as an outdoor recreational haven and as the gateway to the Adirondack Mountains and State Park for the populations of the Albany and New York City metropolitan areas. The county is also home to the internationally renowned Saratoga Race Course, one of the oldest venues in horse racing.

Saratoga County lies in the heart of eastern New York State's recognized Tech Valley, a growing center for the computer hardware side of the high-technology industry and its concomitant venture capital investment, with great strides in the nanotechnology sector, digital electronics design, and water- and electricity-dependent integrated microchip circuit manufacturing, and more recently, artificial intelligence, involving companies including IBM, GlobalFoundries, Samsung, and Taiwan Semiconductor, among others.[7][8][9] In April 2021, GlobalFoundries, a company specializing in the semiconductor industry, moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley, California to its most advanced semiconductor-chip manufacturing facility in Saratoga County near a section of the Adirondack Northway, in Malta, New York.[10]

The county is also frequently recognized for its high standard of living and quality of life. Saratoga County touts its strongly academic schools, clean environment and relatively cool climate, abundance of clean water and electricity, natural beauty and recreational opportunities, low county tax rates, and availability of new housing in its approach to robust growth in the county's high-tech workforce.

History

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The historic Verbeck House in Ballston Spa

When counties were established in the Province of New York in 1683, the present Saratoga County was part of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York, as well as all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This large county was progressively reduced in size by the separation of several counties until 1791, when Saratoga County and Rensselaer County were split off from Albany County. The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War, which convinced France that the Thirteen Colonies could win the war. The government of Louis XVI began lending military and financial aid to the American Patriot cause.

During the 19th century, Saratoga County was an important industrial center. Its location 30 miles north of Albany on the Delaware and Hudson Railway, as well as its proximity to water power from the Hudson River and the Kayaderosseras Creek, led to rapid industrial development beginning in the early 19th century. Some of the most important industrial employers were paper mills, tanneries, foundries, and textile mills.[11]

Since the construction of the Adirondack Northway in the 1960s, Saratoga County has consistently been the fastest-growing county in the Capital District and indeed, in Upstate New York, and one of the fastest-growing in the Northeastern United States. The county has historically maintained a low county tax rate; according to its official website, Saratoga County levies one of the lowest county tax rates in New York.[12]

Geography

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Saratoga County is situated in the eastern portion of New York State, north of the state capital city of Albany, northwest of Troy, and east of Utica. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 844 square miles (2,190 km2), of which 810 square miles (2,100 km2) are land and 34 square miles (88 km2) (4.0%) are covered by water.[13] The Hudson River forms the eastern border of the county, while the Mohawk River demarcates its southern border. The highest elevation in Saratoga County is at the peak of Tenant Mountain in the Adirondack Mountains, at 2,759 ft (841 m),[3] while the lowest elevation is 69 ft (21 m), at the waterfront of the Village of Waterford, at the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers.

Adjacent counties

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Saratoga County is bordered by eight counties. Listed clockwise, they are:

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
180024,483—
181033,14735.4%
182036,0528.8%
183038,6797.3%
184040,5534.8%
185045,64612.6%
186051,72913.3%
187051,529−0.4%
188055,1567.0%
189057,6634.5%
190061,0895.9%
191061,9171.4%
192060,029−3.0%
193063,3145.5%
194065,6063.6%
195074,86914.1%
196089,09619.0%
1970121,67936.6%
1980153,75926.4%
1990181,27617.9%
2000200,63510.7%
2010219,6079.5%
2020235,5097.2%
2023 (est.)238,7111.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[14]
1790-1960[15] 1900-1990[16]
1990-2000[17] 2010, 2020, and 2023[1]

2020 census

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In 1960, Saratoga County had a population of only 89,000, less than half of its population noted at the 2020 United States Census, enumerated at 235,509.[1][18] Saratoga County has continued its robust growth in the 2020s, in spite of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Saratoga County Racial Composition[19]
Race Num. Perc.
White (NH) 203,781 87%
Black or African American (NH) 3,752 2%
Native American (NH) 301 0.13%
Asian (NH) 7,444 3.2%
Pacific Islander (NH) 60 0.02%
Other/Mixed (NH) 11,504 4.9%
Hispanic or Latino 8,667 3.7%

2010 census

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As of the 2010 U.S. Census,[20] there were 219,607 people, 88,296 households, and 58,814 families residing in Saratoga County. The population density was 271 inhabitants per square mile (105/km2). There were 98,656 housing units at an average density of 122 units per square mile (47/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 94.3% White, 1.8% Asian, 1.5% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. 2.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 88,296 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, 31.5% of households had individuals under 18 years, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.96.

Of Saratoga County's population in 2010, 6.3% were between ages of 5 and 9 years, 6.7% between 10 and 14 years, 6.5% between 15 and 19 years, 5.5% between 20 and 24 years, 5.5% between 25 and 29 years, 5.8% between 30 and 34 years, 6.6% between 35 and 39 years, 7.9% between 40 and 44 years, 8.5% between 45 and 49 years, 8.0% between 50 and 54 years, 7.0% between 55 and 59 years, 6.4% between 60 and 64 years, and 13.7% of age 65 years and over. 22.7% of the county's population was under age 18. The median age was 40.9 years.

According to the 2009-2013 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in Saratoga County was $69,826, and the median income for a family was $87,058. Males had a median income of $59,636 versus $44,743 for females. The per capita income for the county was $35,176. About 4.0% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.[21]

Transportation

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The Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge, crossing the Mohawk River, is the portion of the toll-free, six-lane Adirondack Northway which connects Halfmoon in Saratoga County to Colonie in Albany County.
 
A Saratoga and North Creek Railway train at the Saratoga Springs Amtrak station; this railway service until 2018 operated between Saratoga County and the Adirondack Park.

Adirondack Northway

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The toll-free, six-lane Adirondack Northway bisects Saratoga County, running in a south–north direction. The highway, designated Interstate 87, is the primary conduit connecting the capital of New York, Albany, northward across the Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge into and through Saratoga County, then past Lake George in the Adirondack Park, through the Adirondack Mountains, and eventually to the Canada–United States border, where it continues seamlessly as Quebec Autoroute 15 to Montreal. The freeway has been a major catalyst for the growth of population and commerce in Saratoga County.

Rail

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The Saratoga and North Creek Railway was a heritage railway that operated from 2011 to 2018 between the Saratoga Springs Amtrak station at its southern terminus and North Creek in the Adirondack Park at its northern terminus. Its commercial operations were originally built by the Adirondack Railway (succeeded by the Delaware and Hudson). Amtrak's Ethan Allen Express and Adirondack services remain at Saratoga Springs.

Airports

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These public-use airports are located in Saratoga County:[22]

Economy

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Tech Valley

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Main article: Tech Valley

Since the 2000s, the economy of Saratoga County and the surrounding Capital District has been redirected toward high technology. Tech Valley is a marketing name for the eastern part of New York, encompassing Saratoga County, the Capital District, and the Hudson Valley.[23] Originated in 1998 to promote the greater Albany area as a high-tech competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley and Boston, it has since grown to represent the counties in the Capital District and extending to IBM's Westchester County plants in the south and the Canada–US border to the north. The area's high-technology ecosystem is supported by technologically focused academic institutions including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute.[9] Tech Valley encompasses 19 counties straddling both sides of the Adirondack Northway and the New York Thruway,[23] and with heavy state taxpayer subsidy, has experienced significant growth in the computer hardware side of the high-technology industry, with great strides in the nanotechnology sector, digital electronics design, and water- and electricity-dependent integrated microchip circuit manufacturing, and more recently, artificial intelligence,[7] involving companies including GlobalFoundries in Malta and others.[8][9][24] Saratoga County touts its high standard of living and quality of life, strongly academic schools, clean environment and relatively cool climate, abundance of clean water and electricity, natural beauty and recreational opportunities, low county rax rates, and availability of new housing in its approach to robust growth in the county's high-tech workforce.

Adirondack Trust Company is the largest independent community bank in Saratoga County. Adirondack Trust's 167 full-time employees own the company, which offers banking, loans and investment services, along with insurance through its Amsure subsidiary.[25] As of December 2020, the bank reported almost $1.5 billion in assets, and over $1.3 billion in deposits, across 13 branches.[25]

Recreation

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Northwestern Saratoga County serves as the southern gateway to the Adirondack Park; the higher peaks of the Adirondack Mountains are farther north.
 
Towering trees line the Avenue of the Pines in Saratoga Spa State Park.
 
An entrance to the Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs
 
The Broadway Historic District in Downtown Saratoga Springs
 
The historic Village of Ballston Spa is the county seat of Saratoga County.
 
Waterford Harbor at the Village of Waterford, on the Mohawk River
 
The Town of Malta, home to the "Fab 8" campus of GlobalFoundries, a semiconductor foundry
 
Nightlife on Broadway in Saratoga Springs

Saratoga County is extremely popular between late July and early September each year due to the Saratoga Race Course being open. This world-famous track dates back to 1863, when it was founded by John Morrissey.[26] Thoroughbred horse racing in the United States has its own Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, which honors remarkable horses, jockeys, owners, and trainers. Horse-racing fans come from all over to watch the races.[27]

The Saratoga National Historical Park is located along the Hudson River in Stillwater, and features a drive-around trail where one can drive up to each station. The park is also famous for its outstanding views of the area's natural scenery and Vermont's Green Mountains in the distance.

The Saratoga Spa State Park capitalizes on the culture and the mineral springs that once drove Saratoga County. This is a large state park and includes a hotel, two pool complexes, mineral baths, Saratoga Performing Arts Center, picnic areas, hiking trails, and numerous mineral springs.

Saratoga County serves as the southern gateway to the Adirondack Park, the largest park in the contiguous United States, covering about 6.1 million acres (2.5×10^6 ha), a land area roughly the size of Vermont and greater than the areas of the National Parks of Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, Glacier, and Great Smoky Mountains combined.[28] A portion of northwestern Saratoga County lies within the boundaries of the Adirondack Park and includes Hadley Mountain.

Education

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Unified school districts

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School districts include:[29]

Colleges and universities

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Communities

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Cities

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Towns

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Villages

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Census-designated places

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Hamlets

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Government

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United States presidential election results for Saratoga County, New York[30]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 61,305 46.21% 68,471 51.62% 2,879 2.17%
2016 54,575 47.83% 50,913 44.62% 8,606 7.54%
2012 50,382 47.75% 52,957 50.19% 2,171 2.06%
2008 52,855 47.45% 56,645 50.85% 1,887 1.69%
2004 56,158 52.55% 48,730 45.60% 1,985 1.86%
2000 46,623 49.05% 43,359 45.61% 5,075 5.34%
1996 34,337 40.08% 39,832 46.50% 11,496 13.42%
1992 36,917 41.10% 33,011 36.76% 19,884 22.14%
1988 43,498 57.39% 31,684 41.81% 606 0.80%
1984 47,394 67.91% 22,166 31.76% 228 0.33%
1980 34,184 52.30% 23,641 36.17% 7,537 11.53%
1976 38,296 61.29% 23,768 38.04% 422 0.68%
1972 40,582 69.22% 17,899 30.53% 150 0.26%
1968 25,658 55.87% 17,766 38.69% 2,498 5.44%
1964 13,364 31.32% 29,264 68.57% 47 0.11%
1960 25,035 57.88% 18,179 42.03% 36 0.08%
1956 32,522 77.69% 9,338 22.31% 0 0.00%
1952 29,712 72.17% 11,413 27.72% 43 0.10%
1948 20,706 61.50% 11,457 34.03% 1,503 4.46%
1944 20,197 59.26% 13,788 40.45% 98 0.29%
1940 21,298 58.46% 15,037 41.27% 98 0.27%
1936 19,153 55.90% 14,619 42.66% 494 1.44%
1932 17,990 56.97% 13,053 41.34% 535 1.69%
1928 19,183 59.60% 12,247 38.05% 757 2.35%
1924 17,682 65.84% 7,026 26.16% 2,148 8.00%
1920 16,222 67.99% 6,905 28.94% 731 3.06%
1916 8,062 53.00% 6,711 44.12% 438 2.88%
1912 6,401 43.71% 5,296 36.16% 2,947 20.12%
1908 8,706 54.49% 6,518 40.80% 752 4.71%
1904 9,546 58.46% 6,149 37.66% 634 3.88%
1900 9,602 59.79% 5,916 36.84% 541 3.37%
1896 9,638 63.57% 4,987 32.89% 536 3.54%
1892 7,383 51.83% 5,755 40.40% 1,106 7.76%
1888 8,594 54.36% 6,570 41.56% 646 4.09%
1884 8,190 56.28% 5,846 40.17% 517 3.55%

Saratoga County is governed by a Board Of Supervisors, with each town Supervisor acting as the representative from that community. The City of Saratoga Springs elects two Supervisors and the City of Mechanicville elects one supervisor to sit on the Board of Supervisors, but have no power in their respective city governments. The Town of Clifton Park also elects two Supervisors, one being the elected Town Supervisor, and one having only County duties. Voting is by weighted vote of each of the communities based on population, which is the reason why Saratoga Springs and Clifton Park, the two largest communities in Saratoga County, elect two Supervisors. The political makeup of the 2016-17 Board consists of 21 Republicans, and two Democrats. By long-standing tradition, whoever serves as chairman of the Board of Supervisor's powerful Law and Finance Committee one year serves as chairman of the full Board the following year—a tradition that has been broken only three times in Saratoga County's history. Under this custom, current Law and Finance Committee Chairman Arthur "Mo" Wright, the Supervisor of the Town of Hadley, is slated to become chairman of the full Board in 2016. Republicans hold the county-wide offices of sheriff, district attorney, county clerk, treasurer, and judges of the county, family, and the surrogate courts.

 
Saratoga County Airport, Saratoga Springs

On the presidential level, like most of the Hudson Valley, Saratoga County was historically powerfully Republican. It only supported a Democrat for president twice in the 20th century, in 1964 and 1996. The Republican edge narrowed somewhat in the 1990s and since then Saratoga County has been a Republican-leaning swing county. George W. Bush won the county narrowly in 2004 with 53% of the vote, while Barack Obama slightly edged out John McCain and Mitt Romney in both 2008 and 2012, becoming the first Democrat to win a majority in the county since 1964. In 2016, Saratoga County flipped back to the Republicans, with Donald Trump capturing a narrow plurality of the vote over Hillary Clinton. The flip proved to be temporary, with Democratic candidate Joe Biden winning the county in 2020.[31] Saratoga County has backed the winning candidate in every presidential election since 1996.

The county is represented in the U.S. Congress by Republican Elise Stefanik and Democrat Paul Tonko. In the State Senate, the county is divided between Republicans Daphne Jordan and Jim Tedisco, while in the State Assembly Democrats John T. McDonald III and Carrie Woerner, along with Republicans Mary Beth Walsh and Dan Stec, each represent portions of the county.

James A. Murphy III, a Republican, is the County Court Judge and a former District Attorney. James A. Bowen had been the dean of NYS Sheriffs, having served as Sheriff since 1972, when he was appointed by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller. Bowen won election in his own right in 1973 and had been elected every four years up until his retirement at the end of his tenth term in office in 2013. Michael H. Zurlo is the current Sheriff, winning the election to succeed Bowen in 2013. Democratic strength is best shown in the City of Saratoga Springs, which has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 1988. Republican strength is concentrated in the western part of the county, which is mostly rural or exurban. In 2005, the Democrats gained a majority on the Saratoga Springs City Council after decades of Republican dominance. The Republicans, however, reclaimed the council majority in the 2007 General Elections due to a split Democratic Party in the mayor's race. In 2009, the Republicans reclaimed their supermajority (4-1) on the City Council, by winning every contested election (Mayor, Finance, Public Safety, and Public Works). In 2011, Democrats reclaimed the Majority on the City Council, while Republican Scott Johnson was reelected as Mayor. The Current City Council (2016-2017)is 4-1 Democratic led by Mayor Meg Kelly. At the Saratoga County Board of Supervisors, the city is split, with one Republican and one Democrat holding the two Supervisor seats.

State Assembly

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State Senate

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United States House of Representatives

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Notable people

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "On February 7, 1791, taken from Albany, the county of Saratoga was organized."[34]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d "State & County QuickFacts - Saratoga County, New York". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  2. ^ "US Census 2020 Population Dataset Tables for New York". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Fun Facts About Saratoga". Saratoga County Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  4. ^ "New Census data show Saratoga County fastest growing in upstate". August 12, 2021.
  5. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018 - 2018 Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  6. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  7. ^ a b Keshia Clukey (June 27, 2014). "Better than advertised: Chip plant beats expectations". Albany Business Review. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  8. ^ a b Freeman Klopott; Xu Wang & Niamh Ring (September 27, 2011). "IBM, Intel Start $4.4 Billion in Chip Venture in New York". 2011 Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  9. ^ a b c Larry Rulison (July 10, 2015). "Made in Albany: IBM reveals breakthrough chip made at SUNY Poly". Albany Times-Union. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  10. ^ "GLOBALFOUNDRIES Moves Corporate Headquarters to its Most Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Facility in New York | GlobalFoundries". globalfoundries.com. April 26, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  11. ^ Starr, Timothy (2008). Invented in Saratoga County. New York: Rock City Falls.
  12. ^ "Saratoga County, New York". Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  13. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  14. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  15. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  16. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  17. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  18. ^ Population Growth Archived July 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. CensusScope. Retrieved on August 16, 2013.
  19. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Saratoga County, New York".
  20. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  21. ^ "State & County QuickFacts - Saratoga County, New York QuickLinks - American Community Survey: Economic Characteristics - Selected Economic Characteristics - 2009-2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  22. ^ Saratoga County Public and Private Airports, New York Archived April 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  23. ^ a b "About Tech Valley". Tech Valley Chamber Coalition. Archived from the original on November 3, 2008. Retrieved September 27, 2009.
  24. ^ "Fab 8 Overview". GLOBALFOUNDRIES Inc. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  25. ^ a b "2020 Annual report" (PDF). Adirondeck Trust. December 31, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  26. ^ "History of Saratoga Race Track | Saratoga Race Track". www.leagueathletics.com. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  27. ^ "Saratoga Race Course". www.nyra.com. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  28. ^ "Largest Park Area in the Contiguous US Remains Open to Visitors". Regional Office of Sustainable Tourism / Lake Placid CVB. October 3, 2013. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
  29. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Saratoga County, NY" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 8, 2024. - Text list
  30. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  31. ^ Munson, By Emilie (November 18, 2020). "Biden wins GOP-rich Rensselaer and Saratoga counties". Times Union.
  32. ^ "Scott Underwood of Train". November 14, 2011.
  33. ^ a b "Saratoga Legends: Famous Products, People, and Films from Saratoga, NY".
  34. ^ Sullivan, James; Williams, Melvin E.; Conklin, Edwin P.; Fitzpatrick, Benedict, eds. (1927). "Chapter VIII. Saratoga County.". History of New York State, 1523–1927 (PDF). Vol. 2. New York City, Chicago: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. p. 470. hdl:2027/mdp.39015019994048. Wikidata Q114149636.

Further reading

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