Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa (July 18, 1906 – February 27, 1992) was a Canadian-born American academic and politician of Japanese ancestry. A professor of English, he served as president of San Francisco State University and then as U.S. Senator from California from 1977 to 1983.[1][2]
S. I. Hayakawa | |
|---|---|
 Hayakawa in 1981 | |
| United States Senator from California | |
| In office January 2, 1977 – January 3, 1983 | |
| Preceded by | John V. Tunney |
| Succeeded by | Pete Wilson |
| 9th President of San Francisco State University | |
| In office November 26, 1968 – July 10, 1973 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Smith |
| Succeeded by | Paul Romberg |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa July 18, 1906 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
| Died | February 27, 1992 (aged 85) Greenbrae, California, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican (from 1973) |
| Other political affiliations | Democratic (before 1973) |
| Spouse | Margedant Peters |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | University of Manitoba (BA) McGill University (MA) University of Wisconsin, Madison (PhD) |
| Academic background | |
| Thesis | Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician, poet, essayist (1935) |
| Influences | Alfred Korzybski |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | English |
| Sub-discipline | Semantics |
| Institutions | University of Wisconsin, Madison Armour Institute of Technology University of Chicago San Francisco State College |
| Notable works | Language in Thought and Action |
Early life and education
editHis parents were Japanese immigrants Ichiro Hayakawa and Otoko Toro (née Isono) Hayakawa.[3] Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Hayakawa was educated in the public schools of Calgary, Alberta, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, and graduated from the University of Manitoba in 1927. He received his MA in English from McGill University in 1928 and his PhD in the discipline from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1935.[4]
Academic career
editHayakawa lectured at the University of Chicago from 1950 to 1955. He presented a talk at the 1954 Conference of Activity Vector Analysts[5] at Lake George, New York, in which he discussed a theory of personality from the semantic point of view. It was later published as The Semantic Barrier. The definitive lecture discussed the Darwinism of the "survival of self" as contrasted with the "survival of self-concept." His ideas on general semantics influenced A. E. van Vogt's Null-A novels, The World of Null-A and The Pawns of Null-A. Van Vogt in The World of Null-A (i.e., non-Aristotelian) makes Hayakawa a character, introducing him as: "Professor Hayakawa is today's Mr. Null-A himself, the elected head of the International Society for General Semantics."[6]
Hayakawa was an English professor at San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University) from 1955 to 1968. In the early 1960s, he helped organize the Anti Digit Dialing League, a San Francisco group that opposed the introduction of all-digit telephone exchange names. Among the students he trained were commune leader Stephen Gaskin and author Gerald Haslam. He was named acting president of San Francisco State College on November 26, 1968, during a student strike, when Ronald Reagan was governor of California and Joseph Alioto was mayor of San Francisco.[7] On July 9, 1969, the California State Colleges board of trustees appointed Hayakawa the ninth president of San Francisco State.[8] Hayakawa retired on July 10, 1973.[1][9]
Hayakawa wrote a column for the Register and Tribune Syndicate from 1970 to 1976. In 1973, Hayakawa changed his political affiliation from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party and became president emeritus at what became San Francisco State University.[10]
Student strike at San Francisco State College
editFrom November 1968 to March 1969, there was a student strike at San Francisco State College in order to establish an ethnic studies program.[11] It was a major news event at the time and chapter in the radical history of the United States and the Bay Area. The strike was led by the Black Student Union, Third World Liberation Front supported by Students for a Democratic Society, the Black Panthers and the countercultural community.[citation needed]
The students presented fifteen "non-negotiable demands", including a Black Studies department chaired by sociologist Nathan Hare independent of the university administration, open admission for all black students to "put an end to racism", and the unconditional, immediate end to the War in Vietnam and the university's involvement. It was threatened that if these demands were not immediately and completely satisfied the entire campus was to be forcibly shut down.[12] Hayakawa became popular with conservative voters during this period after he pulled out the wires from the loudspeakers on a protesters' van at an outdoor rally.[1][13][14] Hayakawa relented on December 6, 1968, and announced the creation of a Black Studies program at the university.[15]
Political career
edit
Hayakawa won an unexpected victory in the 1976 Republican Senate primary over three better-known career politicians: former HEW Secretary Robert Finch, long-time U.S. Representative Alphonzo Bell and former California Lieutenant Governor John L. Harmer. Much like Jimmy Carter, Hayakawa touted himself as a political outsider.
On the Democratic side, incumbent Senator John Tunney faced a surprisingly strong challenge from another political outsider, Tom Hayden. Hayden's extremely liberal candidacy forced Tunney to run more to the left in the primary, which hurt him in the general election.
Nevertheless, Tunney was favored[by whom?] to easily win re-election. Comfortably ahead in the polls, Tunney did not aggressively campaign until the final weeks before the election. But Hayakawa's position as a political outsider was popular in the wake of the Watergate scandal. In addition, Tunney had a high absenteeism rate while serving in the Senate and missed numerous votes. Hayakawa exploited this with a television ad that showed an empty chair in the U.S. Senate chamber. Hayakawa gradually closed the gap with Tunney, and ultimately defeated him by just over three percentage points.[citation needed]
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During his Senate campaign, Hayakawa spoke about the proposal to transfer possession of the Panama Canal and Canal Zone from the United States to Panama. He said, "We should keep the Panama Canal. After all, we stole it fair and square."[16] However, in 1978 he helped win Senate approval of the Torrijos–Carter Treaties, which transferred control of the zone and canal to Panama.[17] He also supported a bill that led to the creation of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, which examined the causes and effects of the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II.[18] During his time in the Senate, Hayakawa was one of three Japanese Americans in the chamber, the other two being Daniel Inouye and Spark Matsunaga, both of Hawaii.[citation needed]
Hayakawa was news media reporters' favorite fodder, as he was often found napping through important legislative voting.[2]
He planned to run for re-election in 1982 but trailed other Republican candidates badly in early polls and was short on money. He dropped out of the race early in the year and was ultimately succeeded by Republican San Diego Mayor Pete Wilson. To date, he is the only Japanese American Republican to have served in the U.S. Senate.
Hayakawa and John Tanton founded the political lobbying organization U.S. English, which is dedicated to making English the official language of the United States.[19][20][21] Despite his support for creating the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Hayakawa, who lived in Chicago as a Canadian citizen during World War II and thus was not subject to confinement,[2] argued that the internment of Japanese Americans was beneficial and that Japanese Americans should not be paid for "fulfilling their obligations" to submit to Executive Order 9066.[18][22]
Personal life
editHayakawa was a resident of Mill Valley, California. His daughter, Wynne Hayakawa, is a painter.[23]
He had an abiding interest in traditional jazz and wrote extensively on that subject, including several erudite sets of album liner notes. Sometimes in his lectures on semantics, he was joined by the respected traditional jazz pianist Don Ewell, whom Hayakawa employed to demonstrate various points in which he analyzed semantic and musical principles.
He died at a hospital in nearby Greenbrae, California, on February 27, 1992, at the age of 85, from complications of a stroke and bronchitis.[2]
See also
editBibliography
edit- Hayakawa, S. I. Choose the Right Word: A Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words. 1968. Reprint. New York: Perennial Library, 1987. Originally published as Funk & Wagnalls Modern Guide to Synonyms and Related Words.
- Hayakawa, S. I. "Education Revisited". In The World Today, edited by Phineas J. Sparer. Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1975.
- Hayakawa, S. I. Language in Thought and Action. 1939. Enlarged ed. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978. Originally published as Language in Action.
- Hayakawa, S. I. Symbol, Status, and Personality. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963.
- Hayakawa, S. I. Through the Communication Barrier: On Speaking, Listening, and Understanding. Edited by Arthur Chandler. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
- Hayakawa, S. I., ed. Language, Meaning, and Maturity. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954.
- Hayakawa, S. I., ed. Our Language and Our World. 1959. Reprint. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1971.
- Hayakawa, S. I., ed. The Use and Misuse of Language. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Publications, 1964.
- Hayakawa, S. I., and William Dresser, eds. Dimensions of Meaning. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1970. Includes Hayakawa's essays "General Semantics and the Cold War Mentality" and "Semantics and Sexuality".
- Paris, Richard, and Janet Brown, eds. Quotations from Chairman S. I. Hayakawa. San Francisco: n.p., 1969.
References
edit- ^ a b c "Hayakawa will retire". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). (Los Angeles Times). October 13, 1972. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d "S.I. Hayakawa, 85, dies; challenged '60s radicals". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). (Los Angeles Times). February 28, 1992. p. 7A.
- ^ USE2Team (2016-10-18). "Biography of Senator S.I. Hayakawa | U.S. English". www.usenglish.org. Retrieved 2024-07-31.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Hayakawa, Samuel I. (1935). Oliver Wendell Holmes: Physician, poet, essayist (PhD). University of Wisconsin–Madison. OCLC 51566055 – via ProQuest.
- ^ "WebAVA". Retrieved February 8, 2015.
- ^ Alfred Elton Van Vogt (1977). The World of Null-A. New York: Berkley Books. p. 11. ISBN 9780425054543.
- ^ "Case 3: Prelude / Demands". On Strike! Shut it Down! (Exhibit 1999). Leonard Library, San Francisco State University. Archived from the original on August 31, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
- ^ Reagan: A Life In Letters. Simon and Schuster. 2004. p. 187. ISBN 0743219678.
- ^ Bittlingmayer, George (July 17, 1973). "San Francisco State Faculty Protests Selection of Hayakawa's Successor". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
- ^ "Guide to the Samuel I. Hayakawa Papers". Online Archive of California. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
- ^ Grigsby Bates, Karen; Meraji, Shereen Marisol (2019-03-21). "The Student Strike That Changed Higher Ed Forever". NPR. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
- ^ Hayward, Steven. The Age of Reagan, Volume I. Crown Forum. p. 446.
- ^ James M. Fallows (January 15, 1969). "Song of Hayakawa". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
- ^ "The San Francisco State College Strike Collection, Chronology of events". Leonard Library. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
- ^ Hayakawa & angry demonstrations, Part I. KQED News. San Francisco Bay Area Television Archive. December 6, 1968. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
- ^ "We Should Keep The Panama Canal. After All, We Stole It Fair And Square. – S.I". Anvari.org. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
- ^ staff (February 28, 1992). "Ex-Sen. Hayakawa Dies; Unpredictable Iconoclast ..." Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b Robinson, Greg. "S.I. Hayakawa". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
- ^ Schudel, Matt (July 21, 2019). "John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Portes, Alejandro (Spring 2002). "English-only triumphs, but the costs are high". Contexts. 1: 10–15. doi:10.1525/ctx.2002.1.1.10. S2CID 62565233. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Maki, Mitchell Takeshi; Kitano, Harry H. L.; Berthold, Sarah Megan (1999). Achieving the Impossible Dream: How Japanese Americans Obtained Redress. University of Illinois. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0252024583.
- ^ "Testimony of S.I. Hayakawa on Senate Bill 2116. Presented to Subcommittee on Appropriations". August 16, 1984 – via densho.org.
- ^ "From semantics to the U.S. Senate, S.I. Hayakawa".
- United States Congress. "S. I. Hayakawa (id: H000384)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- Fox, R. F. (1991). A conversation with the Hayakawas. The English Journal, Vol. 80, No. 2 (Feb., 1991), pp. 36–40.
- Haslam, Gerald, and Janice E. Haslam. In Thought and Action: The Enigmatic Life of S. I. Hayakawa (U. of Nebraska Press; 2011) 427 pages; scholarly biography[ISBN missing]
External links
edit
Media related to S. I. Hayakawa at Wikimedia Commons- Samuel I. Hayakawa papers at the Hoover Institution Archives
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Australian General Semantics Society
