Toraja-Saʼdan (also Toraja, Saʼdan, South Toraja) is an Austronesian language spoken in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It shares the name Taeʼ with East Toraja. Most of the Toraja language mapping was done by Dutch missionaries working in Sulawesi, such as Nicolaus Adriani and Hendrik van der Veen.
| Toraja-Saʼdan | |
|---|---|
| Saʼdan | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 590,000 (2010 census)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sda |
| Glottolog | tora1261 |
Phonology
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | (tʃ) | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | (dʒ) | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | (h) | ||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
Sounds [tʃ, dʒ] are heard from Indonesian loanwords. /h/ only rarely occurs.
In final position, only /n/, /ŋ/, /k/ and /ʔ/ can occur.[2]
References
edit- ^ Toraja-Saʼdan at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ Sande, J. S.; Stokhof, W. A. L. (1977). "On the Phonology of the Toraja Kesuʔ Dialect" (PDF). In Ignatius Suharno (ed.). Miscellaneous Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia, Part IV. NUSA 5. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA. pp. 19–34.
Further reading
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toraja-Sa'dan pronunciations.
- Waterson, Roxana (2012). "Flows of Words and Flows of Blessing: The Poetics of Invocatory Speech among the Sa'dan Toraja". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 168 (4): 391–419. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003550. JSTOR 23339340. S2CID 145289982. Accessed 21 Jan. 2023.
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