The Public Prosecution Service of Canada (PPSC; French: Service des poursuites pénales du Canada (SPPC)) was established on December 12, 2006, by the Director of Public Prosecutions Act.[2] A federal agency, the PPSC prosecutes offences on behalf of the Government of Canada. It is responsible to Parliament through the attorney general of Canada, who litigates on behalf of the Crown and has delegated most prosecution functions to the PPSC.
| Service des poursuites pénales du Canada | |
 | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 2006 |
| Preceding agency |
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| Jurisdiction | Canada |
| Headquarters | 160 Elgin Street – 12th Floor, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H8 |
| Employees |
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| Annual budget | $201,300,000 (2018–19)[1] |
| Minister responsible | |
| Agency executive |
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| Key document |
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| Website | www |
The director of public prosecutions – currently George Dolhai – leads the day-to-day operations of the PPSC and is responsible to the attorney general, holding a rank equivalent to a deputy minister.[3]
For non-provincial or federal cases in Canada, a senior general counsel (Criminal Law) is assigned from the PPSC, an office of the Attorney General of Canada. The headquarters of the service is located in Ottawa, Ontario.
Responsibilities
editThe PPSC's primary role is to prosecute offences that belong to federal jurisdiction, such as those stemming from the Income Tax Act, Fisheries Act, Excise Act, Customs Act, Canada Elections Act, Canadian Environmental Protection Act and Competition Act.[4]
It also handles offences related to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act in the country, except in the provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick where only drug cases initiated by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) are brought before court by the PPSC.[4] In Quebec, that would mean only narcotic cases with extraterritorial ramifications – which are handled by the RCMP – are prosecuted by the PPSC, as it has its own provincial police force, the Sûreté du Québec. New Brunswick does not have a provincial police force and relies on the RCMP.
In the three territories, the PPSC has jurisdiction over all Criminal Code offences. In the provinces, it is only in charge of a limited number of Criminal Code cases, which are usually related to terrorism, criminal organizations, money laundering, tax evasion and other crimes that violate federal laws. The vast majority of prosecutions are under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act and the Criminal Code, with other major federal statutes that are enforced including the Fisheries Act, Income Tax Act, and Employment Insurance Act.[5]
Beyond that, the PPSC can also give advice to any law enforcement agency nationwide and in various areas of federal legislation.[4]
In limited cases explicitly delegated by provincial prosecution services due to conflicts of interest, the PPSC can pursue what would otherwise be a provincial prosecution, as it did in 2017 with respect to Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty's chief of staff, David Livingston, in relation to hiring someone to illegally wipe government hard drives.[6][5]
Until 2012, the PPSC was also responsible for collections of fines levied by courts through its successful prosecutions. The in-house collections team was scheduled to be eliminated in favour of an external collection agency. At the time of elimination, approximately $129 million (CAD) was outstanding in debt, across approximately 8,000 debtees. The PPSC retained the ability to garnish wages or pursue assets if fines were not paid.[7] By 2018, outstanding debts had decreased to $8 million across 6,300 accounts, and a private company, Partners in Credit Inc., had been retained since 2016.[5]
History
editThe Public Prosecution Service of Canada was established in 2006 as an agency independent of the Department of Justice Canada, in order to remedy problems associated with the former Federal Prosecution Service being located within the Department.[citation needed] The enacting legislation is the Director of Public Prosecutions Act, which was located within the Federal Accountability Act but is now listed as a separate statute.[8][9] It was introduced by the president of the Treasury Board, John Baird, and received Royal Assent on December 12, 2006.[9] The rationale for its creation was written by Wade Riordan Raaflaub of the Law and Government Division on March 2, 2006.[10]
SNC-Lavalin affair
editThe most prolific instance of the PPSC in the Canadian public eye was its role in the SNC-Lavalin affair, where the Prime Minister's Office asked in an allegedly improper fashion for the Attorney General of Canada Jody Wilson-Raybould to override a decision by Director of Public Prosecutions Kathleen Roussel to not extend a deferred prosecution agreement to SNC-Lavalin after its guilty plea in a fraud case in 2019.[11] The Honourable Jody Wilson-Raybould did not agree to requests from senior Prime Minister's Office officials, or a later overture by Canada's most senior civil servant Michael Wernick. She purportedly objected to overriding the director without gazetting the findings. As a consequence of Hon. Jody Wilson-Raybould's actions, the PPSC was not overridden, despite the Attorney General's statutory authority to do so. The deferred prosecution agreement was a new addition to Canada's legal landscape and authority was bestowed upon the Director of Public Prosecutions. If SNC-Lavalin had received a deferred prosecution, it would not be subject to approximately 10-year sanctions from bidding on public infrastructure contracts in Canada. Instead, the bribery charge was eventually dropped after David Lametti became the new Attorney General, with SNC-Lavalin paying a $280 million dollar fraud charge, which would not have led to the prohibition on bidding.[12][13][14][15]
Other notable prosecutions
editIn 2018, the PPSC was referred an Ontario public prosecution dealing with a Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas candidate selection election by the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario. A potential candidate not chosen sued the party and then leader Patrick Brown, and to avoid conflict of interest, the Attorney General of Ontario referred the case to the PPSC.[16][17] Approximately a week later, the failed candidate withdrew his private suit, but the PPSC continued investigations.
The prosecution service recused itself from high-profile investigation of Mark Norman, given potential for conflict of interest, with the Alberta provincial prosecutor giving legal advice in the PPSC's stead.[18]
The PPSC declined to prosecute in the case of alleged misconduct by the Ontario Liberal Party when a senior party official offered perquisites in return for a Sudbury Member of Provincial Parliament to step down to make way for federal New Democratic Member of Parliament Glenn Thibeault to run in that provincial electoral district.[19]
Criticism
editIn 2019, the PPSC saw criticism over activities in its Ontario office, where some prosecutors complained about being shamed or otherwise discouraged from getting pregnant and having children, as well as an alleged "white frat bro" culture. The PPSC responded with a commitment to improve the situation and culture.[20]
Also in 2019, the PPSC conducted an internal investigation not released to the public about a botched prosecution related to a criminal defence lawyer not revealing evidence against police officers, resulting in perjury. The prosecution was eventually dropped, but the Criminal Lawyers Association had given official complaints to the Law Society of Ontario regarding the practices of three prosecutors that were allegedly complicit in misleading the court.[21]
The PPSC received criticism in 2021 for failure to prosecute in a timely manner in the case of alleged military and corporate espionage of Qing Quentin Huang, a Canadian national accused of passing military secrets to the Chinese government from Irving Shipbuilding. After eight years of charges, a judge stayed the case under the principle of a right to a speedy trial. Blame was also allotted by the defense lawyers towards parliament, as a major factor in the delay of prosecution was national security disclosure, a matter that parliament had not resolved.
In the light of the legal backlog created by COVID-19, the PPSC issued recommended guidelines for determining which Canadian drug offences were to be prioritized to be tried, with a focus on diversion programs being used to create some rehabilitative and punitive result for accused persons. Critics such as MADD Canada were somewhat upset by this development due to an uptick in impaired driving being charged as careless driving.[22]
Directors of Public Prosecutions
edit| Name | Start | End | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brian J. Saunders[23] | December 12, 2006 | June 27, 2017 | acting, 2006–2008 |
| Kathleen Roussel[24] | June 27, 2017 | June 21, 2024 | |
| George Dolhai | June 21, 2024 | Incumbent |
References
edit- ^ "Annual Report 2018-2019". Public Prosecution Service of Canada.
- ^ About the Public Prosecution Service of Canada. Government of Canada. 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ "About the PPSC". Public Prosecution Service of Canada. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
- ^ a b c Public Prosecution Service of Canada. "Annual Report 2009–2010" (PDF). Government of Canada Publications. pp. 3–4. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
- ^ a b c Public Prosecution Service of Canada (2018). "Annual Report 2017–2018".
- ^ "Former top Ontario Liberal aide sentenced to 4 months in jail for role in gas plants scandal". CBC News. April 10, 2018.
- ^ Morison, Ora (August 20, 2012). "In hiring collection agency, Tories position selves as tough on crime, tough on costs". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ Conflict of Interest Act (Consolidated Act). S.C. Vol. 2006, c. 9, s. 2. Canada. 2006.
- ^ a b Federal Accountability Act (House Government Bill C-2). Statutes of Canada. Vol. c. 9. Canada: 39th Parliament, 1st Session (published 2006). December 12, 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
- ^ Wade, Riordan Raaflaub (2006). "The possible establishment of a federal Director of Public Prosecutions in Canada". Library of Parliament. Parliamentary Information and Research Service.
- ^ Hinkson, Kamila (December 18, 2019). "SNC-Lavalin pleads guilty to fraud for past work in Libya, will pay $280M fine". CBC News.
- ^ The Canadian Press (March 7, 2019). "Here's what a 10-year ban on federal contract bids would mean for SNC-Lavalin". CBC News.
- ^ Van Praet, Nicolas (September 27, 2021). "Prosecutors look to avoid trial for SNC-Lavalin with offer to make deal". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ Fife, Robert; Chase, Steven; Fine, Sean (February 7, 2019). "PMO pressed Wilson-Raybould to abandon prosecution of SNC-Lavalin; Trudeau denies his office 'directed' her". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ Wells, Paul (February 19, 2019). "Canada, the show". Maclean's.
- ^ Benzie, Robert (January 16, 2018). "Federal prosecutors take over Tory nomination case in Ontario". The Toronto Star.
- ^ Benzie, Robert; Rushowy, Kristin (June 14, 2017). "Spurned Hamilton PC candidate taking party to court". The Toronto Star.
- ^ Bronskill, Jim (July 22, 2020). "Info czar finds 'possible offence' concerning access request about Mark Norman". The Toronto Star.
- ^ Artuso, Antonello (September 17, 2015). "PC MPP seeks answers on byelection investigation". Toronto Sun.
- ^ Gallant, Jacques (October 11, 2019). "'You need to stop having children.' Treatment of pregnant lawyers, discrimination among complaints in review of federal prosecution office". The Toronto Star. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
- ^ Powell, Betsy (January 3, 2019). "Secret review finds several 'issues' with aborted prosecution of defence lawyer who alleged cover up". Toronto Star. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
- ^ Powell, Betsy (September 23, 2020). "Facing a huge COVID-19 backlog, prosecutors are quietly diverting more drug possession and impaired driving charges from criminal court". The Toronto Star. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
- ^ "Public law | Canadian Lawyer Magazine". Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
- ^ "Minister Wilson-Raybould Names New Director of Public Prosecutions" (Press release). Department of Justice. June 27, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2018.