Sherwood Larned Washburn (November 26, 1911 – April 16, 2000), nicknamed "Sherry", was an American physical anthropologist, and "a legend in the field."[1] He was pioneer in the field of primatology, opening it to the study of primates in their natural habitats. His research and influence in the comparative analysis of primate behaviors to theories of human origins established a new course of study within the field of human evolution. He changed the field of anthropology with the publication of his paper The New Physical Anthropology,[2] in 1951, in which he argued, convincingly, that human variation was continuous, and could not be broken up into discontinuous races.[1]
Sherwood L. Washburn | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | November 26, 1911 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
| Died | April 16, 2000 (aged 88) |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
| Known for | Comparative approach to understanding human evolution, renaissance of behavioral primatology |
| Awards | Viking Fund Medal, Huxley Memorial Medal and Lecture, Distinguished Service Award of the American Anthropological Association |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Anthropology |
| Institutions | Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, University of Chicago, University of California, Berkeley |
| Doctoral advisor | Earnest A. Hooton |
| Doctoral students | Irven DeVore, F. Clark Howell, Vincent M. Sarich, Jane Lancaster, Ralph Holloway |
| Notes | |
Designated by the AAPA as the premier American physical anthropologist of the twentieth century | |
Biography
editHe was born and raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts to Henry Bradford Washburn Sr., dean of the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, and Edith Buckingham Hall. He was the younger brother of Henry Bradford Washburn. In his youth, Washburn took a keen interest in the field of natural history, and during school vacations worked with exhibits and collections in Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Washburn graduated summa cum laude from Harvard University with a bachelor's degree in Anthropology in 1935, followed by a Ph.D. in anthropology in 1940. For a time, Washburn considered pursuing his doctorate in zoology, and in his first year in graduate school, worked as an assistant with a zoological expedition in southern Asia called the Asiatic Primate Expedition. His work as a graduate student in comparative anatomy, comparative psychology, animal locomotion mechanics, and paleontology helped shape in him a multi-disciplinary perspective toward the study of evolutionary origins.
Washburn married Henrietta Pease in 1938, and they had two children, Sherwood "Tuck" and Stan. They subsequently resided in New York, Chicago, Illinois and Berkeley, California, where Sherwood held university positions. Washburn died in Berkeley in 2000 at age 88.
Harvard
editWashburn entered Harvard's graduate program with the intention of pursuing a doctorate in zoology. His focus shifted to anthropology after being induced to attend an introductory seminar on the subject led by his freshman advisor and close family friend Alfred Tozzer. Finding the mixture of archaeology, customs and human evolution stimulating, he joined the physical anthropology program led by Earnest Hooton where he was able to enfold his zoological coursework such as comparative anatomy and paleontology in his approach to the study of human evolution. Doctoral students in Harvard's physical anthropology program were forced to look beyond the anthropology department to secure the necessary training, which Washburn considered fortuitous because the experience left him with deep appreciation how much more can be learned when a multidisciplinary effort is brought into the analysis.
While studying for his doctorate, Washburn received his first opportunity to engage in fieldwork. He served as an assistant zoologist in Harold J. Coolidge's 1935–1936 Asiatic Primate Expedition. In Malaysia he helped collect specimens of various species of colobine and macaque monkeys and the orangutan. In Sri Lanka and Thailand he also collected specimens of lar gibbon and observed their behavior in natural surroundings. He continued this work on the collection when he returned to Harvard, at times assisted by Gabriel Lasker. Washburn would later credit the ongoing discussions between Lasker and himself during this period (1938) as formative to his views about human variability. To Washburn, human variability was to be understood in terms of population genetics, and not according to the terms of racial and constitutional typology as typified by his doctoral advisor, Hooton.[3][4]
His doctoral thesis was a metrical appraisal of proportions in the skeletons of adult macaques and langurs. His doctorate, awarded in 1940, was the first from Harvard's anthropology department to be awarded for a study of non-human primates.[3]
Career
editUpon graduating Harvard, Washburn accepted a position as associate professor of anatomy in Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, where he remained for eight years. From 1947 to 1958 he was a professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, for a time serving as department chair. He left the University of Chicago for a professorship in University of California, Berkeley, where he remained until his retirement in 1979. In 1975 the university elected him to the appointment of University Professor, one of 35 such appointments granted since the position was first created in 1960.[5]
Published works
edit- Social Life of Early Man, New York, Viking Fund, 1961
- Evolution of a Teacher Annual Review of Anthropology. 1983.
- "The Evolution of Man", Scientific American v239 n3 p194–208 September 1978
- Human evolution: Biosocial perspectives, edited with Elizabeth McCown, Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. 1978
- Ape Into Man; A Study of Human Evolution, Boston: Little, Brown. 1973.
Notes
edit- ^ a b DeSilva, Jeremy M. (2021). "Birth and Bipedalism". First steps: how upright walking made us human (First ed.). New York: Harper Collins. p. 186. ISBN 9780062938497.
- ^ Washburn, Sherwood (May 1051). "The New Physical Anthropology". Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. II. 13 (7). New York City: New York Academy of Sciences: 298–304. doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1951.tb01033.x.
- ^ a b Howell 2004
- ^ Tuttle 2000
- ^ ""University Professorships", University of California". Archived from the original on March 15, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
References
edit- Howell, F. Clark (2004). "Sherwood Larned Washburn". Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 84: 348–366.
- "Sherwood Washburn — Famed Anthropologist". San Francisco Chronicle. April 20, 2000. p. C5.
- Saxon, Wolfgang (April 19, 2000). "Sherwood Washburn, Pioneer in Primate Studies, Dies at 88". The New York Times.
- Tuttle, Russell H. (December 2000). "Sherwood Larned Washburn (1911–2000)" (PDF). American Anthropologist. 102 (4): 865–869. doi:10.1525/aa.2000.102.4.865.
- Redman, Samuel J. (2016). Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-66041-0.
External links
edit- Sherwood Washburn interview, Oral History Collection — University of Florida
- Finding aid to the S. L. Washburn papers, 1932–1996 at The Bancroft Library