Chancellor of Poland

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The Chancellor of Poland (Polish: Kanclerz - Polish pronunciation: [ˈkant͡slɛʂ], from Latin: cancellarius), officially, the Grand Chancellor of the Crown between 1385 and 1795, was one of the highest officials in the historic Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. This office functioned from the early Polish kingdom of the 12th century until the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. A respective office also existed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 16th century. Today the office of the chancellor has been replaced by that of the Prime Minister.

Grand Chancellor of the Crown
Last to hold office
Jacek Małachowski
1786–1789
ResidenceKraków
Warsaw
AppointerMonarch of Poland
Polish Parliament (Sejm)
Formation12th century
First holderJan?
Goswin
Final holderAntoni Sułkowski
Abolished1795

The Chancellors' powers rose together with the increasing importance of written documents. In the 14th century the office of Chancellor of Kraków (Polish: Kanclerz krakowski) evolved into the Chancellor of the Crown (Polish: Kanclerz koronny) and from that period the chancellor powers were greatly increased, as they became responsible for the foreign policy of the entire Kingdom (later, the Commonwealth). The Chancellor was also supposed to ensure the legality of monarch's actions, especially whether or not they could be considered illegal in the context of pacta conventa (an early set of documents containing important laws, in some aspects resembling today's constitutions). Finally, the Chancellor was also responsible for his office, the chancellery (Polish: kancelaria). A 16th-century Polish lawyer, Jakub Przybylski, described the Chancellor as the king's hand, eye and ear, translator of his thoughts and will.

From 15th century onward there were two separate Chancellor offices, neither of them subordinate to the other: Grand Chancellor (Polish: Kanclerz wielki) and Vice-Chancellor (Polish: Podkanclerzy). In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, there were four Chancellors: Grand Chancellor of the Crown (Polish: Kanclerz wielki koronny), Grand Chancellor of Lithuania (Polish: Kanclerz wielki litewski), Vice-Chancellor of the Crown (Polish: Podkanclerzy koronny), and Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania (Polish: Podkanclerzy litewski).

History

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During the times of fragmentation of Poland, each Polish prince had his own chancellor, but with the reunification of Poland, the office of Chancellor of Kraków (contemporary capital of the Kingdom of Poland) became dominant and other, local chancellors disappeared by the early 15th century. Also in the 15th century, the Chancellor's office was split into that of the Grand Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor. The Vice-Chancellor was, however, not a subordinate of the Chancellor and his independence was specifically confirmed by the laws passed during the reign of king Alexander Jagiellon. The Sejm of 1504 confirmed the Chancellor's office as well as its powers and responsibilities for the first time, specifically stating that one person cannot hold both Chancellors' offices, and established the Grand Lithuanian Chancellor's office. The Lithuanian Vice-Chancellor was created later, in the mid-16th century

After the Union of Lublin in 1569 there were four Chancellors (one Grand Chancellor and one Vice-Chancellor for Crown, and another pair for Lithuania).

At first, the Chancellor's office was always given to an ecclesiastic person. From 1507, Sigismund I the Old decided that the title of Grand Chancellor of the Crown would be rotated between secular and ecclesiastic nobles, and at least one Chancellor (both in the Grand and Deputy pair and in the Crown and Lithuanian one after the Union of Lublin) was required to be a secular person.

Power and responsibilities

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Jan Zamoyski (1542–1605), Grand Chancellor and adviser to Stefan Batory, the third elected king of Poland.
 
Hugo Kołłątaj (1750–1812), Vice-Chancellor, co-author of the Constitution of 3 May 1791.

Chancellors, as most of the other offices in Poland and later, the Commonwealth, were nominated to the office for life by the King during the Sejm (Parliament) session. From the 15th and 16th centuries, after the reforms of Alexander, Sigismund I and the Union of Lublin, the power and importance of the Chancellor's office was stabilised, as a senatorial office lesser than that of the hetmans (military commanders who had, however, no right to vote in the Senate) and the Grand Marshals, but more important than that of the Grand Treasurers, Court Marshal and others.

By custom, the Grand Chancellor of the Crown directed the Commonwealth foreign policies towards the west – Western Europe and south – Ottoman Empire, while the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania the policies towards the east – Muscovy (later, the Russian Empire).

The Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor were responsible for the work of their chancelleries, Grand and Deputy respectively. They were supposed to be in constant contact and develop common policies, since their powers were equal. They were specifically forbidden from issuing illegal and contradictory documents, and could judge any documents contrary to the existing law 'irrelevant and without power'. In theory, the power of the Chancellors were equal. In practice, much depended on their personalities and political influence. Conflicts between Chancellors, while rare, when it occurred, could paralyse the entire country. This was the case during the conflict between Krzesław z Kurozwęk and Maciej Drzewicki between 1501 and 1503.

Among their other responsibilities were the matters of foreign policy (correspondence with other countries) and to a smaller extent, internal affairs, as they had also judiciary powers, presiding over the 'assessors' courts' (Polish: Asesoria), that were the highest appeal courts for people subjected to crown laws (i.e. not subjected to ecclesiastic or magnates courts, but when a chancellor was an ecclesiastic person, he could judge the priests of the king's court). They could judge in various cases, with the exception of when the sides had already reached a compromise or in cases of territorial disputes.

The Chancellors' offices were the chancelleries (Crown and Lithuanian respectively). Chancelleries were staffed with officials known as the chancellists (Polish: kancelista): the regent (regent kancelarii), secretaries (sekretarz in Crown)1, writers (pisarz in Lithuania, equivalent to the secretary in Crown), archivists (Polish: archiwista), metricants (Polish: metrykant) and other clerks. The Regent divided the work between the clerks. 2 secretaries (one responsible for private correspondence, the second for official) presented prepared letters to the king for his signature. Writers designed the letters; clerks readied the final drafts. No copies were made, but were instead entered in the archives – books called Metrics (Polish: Metryki), who were taken care of by the two metricans (2 in Poland and 2 in Lithuania respectively). The Metrican of the Grand Chancellor was called the Grand Metrican, one serving the Vice-Chancellor was a Minor Metrican. The Chancellery staff had no wages, just like the Chancellors, but in the middle of each reception room was the box into which all clients were supposed to deposit a varying amount of money, and nobody who planned on coming back could afford to be mean. Of much smaller importance were the local, provincial chancelleries, which mostly served as archives for copies of various documents.

Besides their official functions, the royal chancelleries functioned as a kind of semi-official, very prestigious schools. The officials of the chancelleries, who often started their work after their studies, after several years of work, often went forward in the administrative hierarchy, often reaching important posts of bishops or other ecclesiastic or secular offices. Many enlightened chancellors did not restrict the positions in their staff to nobility (szlachta), and often sponsored intelligent applicants from other social classes, not only by hiring them to the chancellery but by paying for their studies at universities in Poland and abroad. Among the most esteemed 'graduates' of chancelleries were Jan Długosz, Martin Kromer and Jan Zamoyski.

The Chancellor often gave speeches representing the royal will. The symbol of their office was the seal, which was used to seal all documents passing through his office. He also sealed documents signed by the monarch and could refuse to seal a document he considered illegal or damaging to the country (such documents had no power without his seal). When the king died, the seal was destroyed during the funeral and a new one given to him by the succeeding king. The seal's importance gave a rise to another name for the Chancellor – the sealer (Polish pieczętarz). Due to their important power the Chancellors were considered the guardians of the king and country, making sure a king's folly would not endanger the country by forcing it into an unnecessary war (among the wars prevented by the chancellors was a great crusade against the Ottoman Empire planned by King Władysław IV in the 1630s).

The chancellor's powers combined with the fact that wars required funds which were given by the Senat. The nobles (the szlachta) who controlled the Senate were usually unwilling to increase taxes and levied upon them, which meant that Poland very rarely declared wars on its own. Usually it was attacked by its neighbors, and while it repelled all attacks till the end of the 18th century, it almost never utilized any of its victories. The army was undermanned and under equipped (since usually any suggestion of bigger military budget when enemy was not on the doorstep was labeled as warmongering) and lands of Rzeczpospolita were constantly ravaged by new invasions, crippling its economy.

Other chancellors

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There were many less important chancellors in the country. There was the Chancellor of the Queen. He had much less power than other (King's) Chancellors, he guarded the queen's seal and was the second most important official of her court, after her Court Marshall. He had no right to a seat in the Senate. Even less important were the chancellors of crown princes and princesses, first introduced around the reign of Sigismund I. Then there was the chancellor of the most important of bishops, Primate of Poland, Archbishop of Gniezno. Finally some proud magnates had officials who titled themselves chancellors.

Official distinctions

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  • Kanclerz – Chancellor – various local chancellors, until late 14th to early 15th century
  • Kanclerz krakowski – Chancellor of Kraków – until the 14th century, when he superseded all other Polish local chancellors and transformed into
  • Kanclerz koronny – Chancellor of the Crown – from the 14th century until 1569. Sometimes also called Kanclerz Królestwa Polskiego – Chancellor of the Polish Kingdom
  • Kanclerz wielki koronny – Great Chancellor of the Crown – from 1569 until 1795 (end of the Commonwealth)
  • Kanclerz wielki litewski – Great Chancellor of Lithuania – as above
  • Podkanclerzy koronny – Vice-Chancellor of the Crown – as above
  • Podkanclerzy litewski – Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania – as above

List of Chancellors

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Portrait Name Lifespan Term began Term ended
  Jan ? 1107 1112
  Michał Awdaniec ? 1112 1113
  Goswin ? 1113 1138
  Lupus ? 1138 1145
  Pean died in 1152 1145 1152
  Cherubin died in 1180 1152 1172
  Klemens ? 1172 1173
  Stefan ? 1173 1206
  Iwo Odrowąż died 21 August 1229 1206 1208
  Wincenty z Niałka died in 1232 1208 1211
  Jarost ? 1211 1212
  Marcin ? 1212 1213
  Nanker died in 1250 1213 1241
  Wawrzęta Gutowski ? 1241 1243
  Rambold ? 1243 1262
  Paweł z Przemankowa died on 29 November 1292 1262 1266
  Stanisław z Krakowa ? 1266 1270
  Prokop died in 1295 1270 1280
  Andrzej Zaremba died in 1318 1280 1290
  Wincenty ? 1290 1296
  Jan died on 26 August 1296 1296 1296
  Piotr Angeli ? 1296 1306
  Franciszek z Krakowa ? 1306 1320
  Zbigniew z Szczyrzyca ? 1320 1356
  Janusz Suchywilk 1310 – 5 April 1382 1357 1373
  Zawisza Kurozwęcki died on 12 January 1382 1373 1379
  Jan Radlica died on 12 January 1392 1380 1386
  Mikołaj Zaklika died in 1408 1386 1404
  Mikołaj Kurowski 1355–1411 1404 1411
  Wojciech Jastrzębiec 1362–1436 1411 1423
  Jan Szafraniec 1363 – 28 July 1433 1423 1433
  Jan Taszka Koniecpolski died on 26 March 1455 1433 or 1434 1454
  Jan Gruszczyński 1405 – 8 October 1473 1454 1469
  Jakub Dembiński 1427 – 15 January 1490 1469 1473
  Uriel Górka 1435 – 21 January 1498 1473 1479
  Stanisław Kurozwęcki 1440–1482 1479 1482
  Krzesław Kurozwęcki 1440–1503 1483 1503
  Jan Łaski 1456 – 19 May 1531 1503 1510
  Maciej Drzewicki 22 February 1467 – 22 August 1535 1510 1513
  Krzysztof Szydłowiecki 1467–1532 1513 or 1515 1532
  Jan Chojeński 17 March 1486 – 11 March 1538 1532 1538
  Paweł Dunin-Wolski 1487–1546 1539 1540
  Tomasz Sobocki 1508–1547 1540 1541
  Samuel Maciejowski 15 January 1499 – 26 October 1550 1541 1550
  Jan Ocieski 1501 – 12 May 1563 1550 or 1552 1563
  Walenty Dembiński died in 1585 1564 1576
  Piotr Dunin-Wolski 1531–1590 1576 1578
  Jan Zamoyski 19 March 1542 – 3 June 1605 1578 1605
  Maciej Pstrokoński 1553–1609 1606 1609
  Wawrzyniec Gembicki 5 August 1559 – 10 February 1624 1609 1613
  Feliks Kryski 1562–1618 1613 1618
  Stanisław Żółkiewski 1547 – 7 October 1620 1618 1620
  Andrzej Lipski 1572 – 4 September 1631 1620 1623
  Wacław Leszczyński 1576 – 17 May 1628 1625 1628
  Jakub Zadzik 1582 – 17 March 1642 1628 1635
  Tomasz Zamoyski 1594 – 7 January 1638 1635 1635
  Piotr Gembicki 10 October 1585 – 14 July 1657 1635 1643
  Jerzy Ossoliński 15 December 1595 – 9 August 1650 1643 1650
  Andrzej Leszczyński 1608–1658 1650 1652
  Stefan Koryciński 1617 – 4 July 1658 1652 1658
  Mikołaj Prażmowski 1617 – 15 April 1673 1658 1666
  Jan Leszczyński 1603–1678 1666 1678
  Jan Stefan Wydżga 1610 – 6 September 1685 1678 1678
  Jan Wielopolski 1630 – 15 February 1688 1678 1688
  Jerzy Albrecht Denhoff 1640–1702 1688 1702
  Karol Tarło 1639–1702 1702 1702
  Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski 1650 – 12 May 1711 1702 1706
  Jan Stanisław Jabłonowski 1669 – 28 April 1731 1706 1709
  Jan Szembek died on 9 April 1731 1712 1731
  Andrzej Stanisław Załuski 2 December 1695 – 16 December 1758 1735 1746
  Jan Małachowski 26 January 1698 – 25 June 1762 1746 1762
  Andrzej Zamoyski 12 February 1716 – 10 February 1792 1764 1767
  Andrzej Młodziejowski 1717–1780 1767 1780
  Jan Andrzej Borch 1715–1780 1780 1780
  Antoni Onufry Okęcki 13 June 1729 – 15 June 1793 1780 1786
  Jacek Małachowski 25 August 1737 – 27 March 1821 1786 1793
  Antoni Sułkowski 11 June 1735 – 16 April 1796 1793 1795

See also

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Notes

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  1. Secretaries in Crown and writers in Lithuania were often just an honorary title given to people for their service to the state in the areas of administration and such. The normal secretaries should not be confused with the Great Secretaries, who served as Chancellors when the Chancellors were absent, but had no right to vote in the Senat.

References

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  • Góralski, Zbigniew. "Urzędy Staropolskie" [Historic offices in Poland] (in Polish). Retrieved 5 May 2024.