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Roma, Queensland

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Roma is a rural town and locality in the Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia.[3][4] It is the administrative centre of the Maranoa Region. The town was incorporated in 1867 and is named after Lady Diamantina Bowen (née di Roma), the wife of Sir George Bowen, the Governor of Queensland at the time. In the 2021 census, the locality of Roma had a population of 6,838 people.[1]

Roma
Queensland
Aerial view of Roma
Roma is located in Queensland
Roma
Roma
Coordinates26°34′24″S 148°47′13″E / 26.5733°S 148.7869°E / -26.5733; 148.7869 (Roma (town centre))
Population6,838 (2021)[1]
 • Density87.55/km2 (226.76/sq mi)
Established1867
Postcode(s)4455[2]
Elevation299.4 m (982 ft)
Area78.1 km2 (30.2 sq mi)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)
Location
LGA(s)Maranoa Region
CountyWaldegrave
State electorate(s)Warrego
Federal division(s)Maranoa
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
27.7 °C
82 °F		 12.7 °C
55 °F		 591.5 mm
23.3 in
Localities around Roma:
Euthulla Orange Hill Euthulla
Dargal Road Roma Euthulla
Bungil Bungil Tingun

Geography edit

 
Sign on the Warrego Highway at the eastern entrance to Roma

Roma is in the Maranoa district of South West Queensland, Australia, situated

It is situated at the junction of the Warrego and Carnarvon highways. It is the centre of a rich pastoral and wheat-growing district.[5] It is also a major town on the Western Railway Line from Toowoomba and Brisbane.[citation needed]

History edit

Mandandanji edit

Prior to British colonisation, the Aboriginal peoples of the Mandandanji Nation occupied this region.[6][7] Mandandanji (also known as Mandandanyi, Mandandanjdji, Kogai) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Mandandanji people. The Mandandanji language region is within the local government boundaries of the Maranoa Region, particularly Roma, Yuleba and Surat, then east towards Chinchilla and south-west towards Mitchell and St George.[8]

British exploration edit

The first documented British explorers to enter the region were Sir Thomas Mitchell and Edmund Kennedy on their 1846 expedition. Mitchell named a nearby hill Mount Abundance due to the rich plains he encountered around what is now Roma. He called these plains the Fitzroy Downs in honour of the newly appointed Governor of New South Wales, Charles Augustus FitzRoy.[9]

Mitchell and Kennedy encountered a community of around 200 Aboriginal people in this vicinity. After initial friendly communication, hostilities arose with Kennedy's men dispersing a group of Mandandanji after they tried to burn down the explorer's encampment.[9]

Arrival of British pastoralists and frontier conflict edit

When Mitchell returned to Sydney from his expedition, he encouraged his friend and head colonial government bureaucrat, William Macpherson, to take up land on the Fitzroy Downs. Macpherson's son, Allan Macpherson, subsequently took 20 men and around 10,000 head of sheep and cattle from his property at Keera on the Gwydir River and headed for the Fitzroy Downs. In October 1847, he established the Mount Abundance pastoral station, which covered 400,000 acres from Muckadilla Creek on the west to Bungil Creek on the east. The township of Roma now stands on the part of the station where Macpherson decided to graze his cattle.[10][11][12][13]

In August 1848, James Blyth attempted to establish a sheep station on Bungil Creek but the resident Mandandanji drove him off, spearing Blyth in the leg, killing his stockman and taking 3,000 of his sheep. This incident was the start of a lengthy war between the Aboriginal people of the area and the colonists. In late 1848, Macpherson had several skirmishes with Aboriginal people around Bungil Creek, killing an indeterminate number. By April 1849 the Mandandanji had killed seven of Macpherson's stockmen, and the local Crown Lands Commissioner, John Durbin, with his contingent of mounted Border Police troopers was called in to give armed assistance. Despite this, Macpherson was defeated and forced to abandon his Mount Abundance station in May 1849.[10][14][15][16][17][18]

Upon their exit, Macpherson and Durbin requested the government to mobilise the newly formed Native Police force to eliminate Aboriginal resistance in the region. Subsequently, in July 1849, Frederick Walker led his Native Police troopers against the "Fitzroy Downs blacks", shooting many during a large skirmish. In late 1850, the Mandandanji regrouped to attack Paddy McEnroe who had attempted to re-establish the Mount Abundance pastoral station. They killed one of his shepherds, burnt down a hut and took 400 cattle. Roderick Mitchell, the local Crown Lands Commissioner who had replaced Durbin, led a reprisal raid consisting of his police troopers and nearby squatter colonists, which recovered the cattle and killed 13 Aborigines.[10]

In 1851, a large Native Police barracks was established at nearby Wondai Gumbal which housed up to 35 troopers. These troopers under officers George Fulford, James Skelton and Richard Dempster, conducted several patrols of the Mount Abundance area, shooting Aborigines when hostile contact was encountered. In November 1852, Mandandanji resistance on the Fitzroy Downs was finally crushed when Skelton dispersed with "severe means" a large group of Aborigines, killing at least six including Mandandanji leader Possum Murray (Bussamarai).[10]

In 1858, the Mount Abundance pastoral station was sold to Stephen Spencer who was able to peacefully re-occupy the property with his family, 13 stockmen and 1,000 head of cattle. A new Native Police barracks was formed in 1859 on Bungil Creek under Sub-Lieutenant William Morehead which ensured British control of the region.[19]

Township of Roma edit

In 1862, the Government of Queensland issued instructions for a town to be created in the Maranoa Region. Surveyors Robert Austin and A.C. Gregory chose a site adjacent to Bungil Creek on Stephen Spencer's Mount Abundance pastoral station. This site became the township of Roma. Initially consisting of nothing more than three public houses, Roma was named after Lady Diamantina Bowen (Contessa Diamantina di Roma), wife of the first Governor of Queensland, George Bowen.[19][20]

 
Steam locomotive 'Pioneer' on the Western Railway construction site between Roma and Mitchell, ca. 1885
 
Apparatus for separating natural gas from artesian water at the Roma Gas Works
 
Romavilla Winery founded in 1866 by Samuel Symons Bassett
 
Kueyers vineyard Roma c 1898
 
Queens Arms Hotel and Hunters Emporium building in Roma, Queensland 1975
 
Romavilla Winery founded in 1866 by Samuel Symons Bassett
 
Kueyers vineyard Roma c 1898
 
Queens Arms Hotel and Hunters Emporium building in Roma, Queensland 1975

In 1863 Samuel Symons Bassett brought Queensland's vine cuttings to Roma and established the Romavilla Winery in 1866 on Bungil Creek north of Roma.[21]

In 1864, Reverend Adam McIntyre of the Free Church of Scotland commenced services at pastoral stations in the Maranoa district with the intention that he would be established as a permanent minister in Roma.[22] However, on 22 May 1866 he died at Brucedale pastoral station on Bungil Creek south-east of Roma (26°53′21″S 148°55′52″E / 26.8892°S 148.9312°E / -26.8892; 148.9312 (Brucedale pastoral station)), now in Tingun .[23]

Captain Starlight, a cattle rustler, was tried and acquitted in the Roma Courthouse in February 1873.[24] No successful conviction for cattle rustling has been made in Roma.[citation needed]

Roma State School, the first school in Roma, opened on 21 March 1870 and closed on 31 December 1986.[25]

St John's School was established by the Sisters of Mercy in 1881.[26]

Roma was the site of Australia's first oil and gas discoveries.[27]

During World War II, Roma was the location of RAAF No.22 Inland Aircraft Fuel Depot (IAFD), completed in 1942 and closed on 29 August 1944. Usually consisting of 4 tanks, 31 fuel depots were built across Australia for the storage and supply of aircraft fuel for the RAAF and the US Army Air Forces at a total cost of £900,000 ($1,800,000).[28]

Roma Special School opened on 25 January 1982 and closed on 31 December 1995.[29][30]

In 2004, Roma had a low unemployment rate of 2.9%,[31] which is among the lowest unemployment rates in Australia. 68.5% of the people in the labour force living in Roma were employed full-time, with 21.9% working on a part-time basis.[32]

The Roma State College opened on 1 January 2006 as an amalgamation of Roma Junior School and Roma Middle School, and the addition of a new senior component.[25][33]

 
Photograph of Roma State School

In 2010, a Santos project study investigated the possibility of introducing treated CSG produce water into Roma's existing underground aquifer which supplies the town's water needs, including drinking water [34] The Roma Managed Aquifer Recharge Study is the first of its kind in Australia. It is also considered experimental in nature as the risks are largely unknown. The Roma CSG Field pilot trial (Hermitage) Stage 4 is in operation (Completed Q4 2012) and Roma CSG Field (The Bend) Stage 4 operation is due to commence Q3/Q4 2014. The project will allow for the injection of up to 24 ML/d of treated coal seam gas water into the Gubberamunda Sandstone aquifer for up to 20 years.[35] Water bores have been shut down and hence been restarted at nearby Wallumbilla due to methane being detected in the Gubberamunda Sandstone aquifer (2014).[36][37]

Demographics edit

In the 2016 census, the locality of Roma had a population of 6,848 people. 78.2% of the people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were the Philippines 2.4%, New Zealand 1.6%, England 1.1%, India 1.1% and South Africa 0.5%. 83.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Tagalog 1.4%, Filipino 0.7%, Punjabi 0.7%, Mandarin 0.4% and Afrikaans 0.2%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 27.2%, Anglican 21.8%, No Religion 18.4% and Uniting Church 5.3%. The median age stood at 33, below the national average of 38.[38]

In the 2021 census, the locality of Roma had a population of 6,838 people.[1]

Heritage listings edit

Roma has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Climate edit

Roma Airport, Queensland, Australia
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
67
 
 
35
21
 
 
90
 
 
33
20
 
 
59
 
 
32
18
 
 
32
 
 
28
12
 
 
31
 
 
24
8
 
 
29
 
 
21
5
 
 
21
 
 
20
4
 
 
22
 
 
23
5
 
 
25
 
 
27
9
 
 
50
 
 
30
14
 
 
60
 
 
32
17
 
 
78
 
 
34
19
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.6
 
 
94
70
 
 
3.5
 
 
91
68
 
 
2.3
 
 
89
64
 
 
1.3
 
 
83
54
 
 
1.2
 
 
75
46
 
 
1.1
 
 
69
41
 
 
0.8
 
 
69
39
 
 
0.9
 
 
73
40
 
 
1
 
 
80
49
 
 
2
 
 
86
56
 
 
2.4
 
 
90
63
 
 
3.1
 
 
92
67
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Roma experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cfal); with hot summers with moderate rains; warm to hot, relatively dry springs and autumns; and mild, dry winters. Its location on the far south of the Carnarvon Range at an elevation of 299 metres above sea level means that it is cooler and wetter than the plains to the south and west, while being warmer and drier than areas to the north and east, and also receives enough precipitation to avoid being classified as a semi-arid climate.[citation needed]

Temperatures in Roma range from 34 °C in summer to 20 °C in winter and winter minimums can drop below freezing; however, it seldom gets colder than −3 °C. Rainfall is mild and distributed fairly evenly throughout the year, with an annual average of 587.9 mm (23.15 in), however it peaks in summer due to frequent showers and thunderstorms. Roma is usually too far inland to experience the influence of tropical cyclones and monsoonal rain depressions, however there are exceptions, and these systems have caused significant flooding in the town.[citation needed]

Extremes have ranged from 45.8 °C (115.2 °F) to −5.8 °C (23.4 °F).[47][48]

Climate data for Roma Airport, Queensland, Australia (1985–present normals and extremes); 307 m AMSL
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 45.8
(114.4) 		45.0
(113.0) 		42.9
(109.2) 		36.7
(98.1) 		33.2
(91.8) 		31.9
(89.4) 		29.7
(85.5) 		36.5
(97.7) 		40.9
(105.6) 		41.9
(107.4) 		43.7
(110.7) 		45.5
(113.9) 		45.8
(114.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 38.9
(102.0) 		37.2
(99.0) 		35.3
(95.5) 		31.4
(88.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.5
(76.1) 		27.2
(81.0) 		31.9
(89.4) 		35.2
(95.4) 		38.0
(100.4) 		38.8
(101.8) 		38.9
(102.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 34.6
(94.3) 		33.0
(91.4) 		31.6
(88.9) 		28.2
(82.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.8
(73.0) 		26.8
(80.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.6
(92.5) 		28.1
(82.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.8
(82.0) 		26.5
(79.7) 		24.6
(76.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		13.8
(56.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		26.5
(79.7) 		20.4
(68.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		17.5
(63.5) 		12.4
(54.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		5.2
(41.4) 		3.8
(38.8) 		4.7
(40.5) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.6
(56.5) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		12.6
(54.8)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 17.0
(62.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		6.7
(44.1) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.9
(37.2) 		7.3
(45.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		−2.3
(27.9)
Record low °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		1.4
(34.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		7.8
(46.0) 		−5.8
(21.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 66.9
(2.63) 		89.6
(3.53) 		58.9
(2.32) 		31.9
(1.26) 		30.7
(1.21) 		29.0
(1.14) 		21.3
(0.84) 		22.4
(0.88) 		25.2
(0.99) 		49.8
(1.96) 		60.4
(2.38) 		77.6
(3.06) 		563.7
(22.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.1 6.2 3.7 2.5 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.8 4.7 5.7 6.6 48.5
Average relative humidity (%) 44.0 51.0 45.5 44.5 50.5 57.0 53.5 44.0 37.5 37.0 40.0 42.0 45.5
Average dew point °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6) 		15.7
(60.3) 		13.0
(55.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		6.2
(43.2) 		4.4
(39.9) 		3.5
(38.3) 		5.1
(41.2) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.2
(48.5)
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1985–present normals and extremes)[49]

Flooding edit

The town is situated on Bungil Creek, a tributary of the Condamine River. In March 2010, Roma experienced its worst floods in over 100 years. Flooding also occurred in April 2011, a year of record rainfall in Roma.[50] In early February 2012, Roma was devastated by its worst floods in history, eclipsing the level reached in 2010; 444 homes were inundated, twice as many that were flooded in the two previous years.[51]

Having experienced three successive years of flooding, in May 2012, one insurer, Suncorp, announced it would not issue new policies to Roma residents, unless action was taken to mitigate the flood risk in Roma.[52]

Industry and economy edit

Roma is the major provisional centre for the Maranoa District, South West Queensland for government and industry business. It is on the western fringe of the Surat Basin energy / resources boom.[citation needed]

Agriculture edit

The Maranoa's agriculture industry is worth approximately $620 million annually, 64.3% being generated from crops. 58.7% of businesses in the Maranoa are in the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector, which employs 32.7% of the region's workforce.[53] 2005 was a record year for Roma saleyards processing 390,000 head of cattle. Roma is home to the largest store cattle saleyards in the Southern Hemisphere. Saledays are Tuesday (for the big sales) and Thursday (for the fat cattle) [54] Forestry plantations include Hardwood and Cypress Pines. Roma and the Maranoa region is home to Australia's most active native Cypress Pine sawmilling.[55]

Oil and Gas edit

In 1906 natural gas was used for lighting in Roma. The industry has expanded as more reserves were discovered.[citation needed]

Origin Energy's Spring Gully Coal Seam Gas Development is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Roma and its projects include an 87 kilometres (54 mi) gas pipeline to Roma's neighbour town of Wallumbilla to connect with the 434 kilometres (270 mi) Roma to Brisbane Pipeline hub there.[56]

Origin Energy is proposing[when?] Spring Gully Power Station as an $870 Million, 1,000 MW power station that will provide electricity to South-East Queensland. With a base at the Spring Gully CSG site, the power station will have the benefit of being close to the source of gas and able to use the waste-water left over from the other CSG operations.[citation needed]

Santos GLNG is developing CSG fields in the district and is undertaking the project on behalf of a joint venture arrangement with Santos Limited, Petroliam Nasional Berhad, TotalEnergies and Korea Gas Corporation. The projects are spatially intensive and include production and monitoring wells, underground gas storage, injection wells, fixed above-ground gas field facilities, water management infrastructure, and above and below-ground gas and water pipelines.[57]

Water edit

Bore water for the town is obtained from the Artesian Basin.[58]

Media edit

Various LPON Narrowcast Services are also available on 87.6 FM (United Christian Broadcasters) 88.0 FM (R FM) 87.8 FM (Switch Gold) with 95.9 FM (Switch FM) also available on higher power around the town's CBD.

4ZR is Roma's local radio station, broadcasting on 1476 AM. It is operated by Resonate Broadcasting who also operates 4VL in Charleville and 4LG in Longreach.

Hit 95.1 Maranoa (part of the Southern Cross Austereo – operated Hit Radio Network) is Roma's main FM Radio Station, broadcasting on 95.1 FM [59]

The Western Star is Roma's local newspaper.[60]

Roma is served by local free-to-air TV transmissions from ABC, SBS, Southern Cross Austereo, Imparja and Central Digital Television.

Education edit

Roma State College is a government primary and secondary (Early Childhood to Year 12) school for boys and girls (26°33′56″S 148°46′41″E / 26.5655°S 148.7781°E / -26.5655; 148.7781 (Roma State College)).[61][62] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 871 students (including students from Wallumbilla, Yuleba, Muckadilla, Amby and Surat) with 86 teachers (76 full-time equivalent) and 59 non-teaching staff (45 full-time equivalent).[63] The college operates from three separate campuses:[64]

A special education program (certified through the National Disability Insurance Scheme) embracing the full range of disabilities is available at all three campuses.[67]

St John's School is a Roman Catholic primary and secondary (Preparatory to Year 12) school for boys and girls at Bowen Street (26°34′21″S 148°46′51″E / 26.5724°S 148.7808°E / -26.5724; 148.7808 (St John's School)).[61][68] In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 697 students with 61 teachers (55 full-time equivalent) and 27 non-teaching staff (19 full-time equivalent).[63]

Amenities edit

 
The Queen's Arms Hotel
 
Roma Bush Gardens at sunset in summer

Hotels, pubs, and churches feature prominently near the centre of town. The ten hotels are within easy walking distance with most adjacent to another hotel.[69]

 
St Paul's Anglican Church

St Paul's Anglican Church which is part of the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane, is a copy of a 13th Century English Church in the shape of crucifix.[70]

Roma Uniting Church is at 48–50 Bungil Road (26°34′11″S 148°47′21″E / 26.5697°S 148.7892°E / -26.5697; 148.7892 (Roma Uniting Church)).[71] The Roma Lutheran congregation holds their services at the Uniting Church.[72]

The Roma Public Library is situated with the Roma Community Arts Centre located at 38-44 Hawthorne Street[73] and is part of the Maranoa Regional Council Library Service. The Maranoa Regional Council Library Service is part of the Rural Libraries Queensland service with online resources and library collections found at the Rural Libraries Queensland website. Public WiFi is provided via a ISDN High Speed Internet Connection to Brisbane (powered through the National Broadband Network).[74]

The Roma branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association has its rooms at 57 Arthur Street.[75]

The town is well serviced by four Caravan Parks, the Villa Holiday Park,[76] the Big Rig Tourist Park,[77] the Roma Clay Target Club Caravan Park,[78] and the Ups N Downs Caravan Park.[79]

The Roma Airport has regular flights from Brisbane.[citation needed]

Roma has a range other facilities open to the general public. These include a swimming pool, golf course, bowling green, Bassett Park showground, visitor information centre and a number of sporting clubs and civic facilities.[citation needed]

Sport edit

'Cities' is a rugby league team that plays in the Roma and District rugby league football competition. Both their B grade and A grade sides recently enjoy back to back premierships with the a grade side winning undefeated in 2017, Darren Lockyer was once captain of this team, and it was in this team that he was then scouted for the Brisbane Broncos. The 'Roma Tomatoes' mixed-gender Touch Rugby team was founded in 2009.[citation needed]

Roma has a rugby union team which compete in the Darling Downs Rugby Union competition, against such teams as the University of Southern Queensland Rugby Union Club, Toowoomba Rangers Rugby Union Club, Toowoomba City Rugby Club, Roma Echidnas, the Condamine Cods, the Dalby Wheatmen, the Goondiwindi Emus, the Warwick Water Rats and the University of Queensland Rugby Union Club (Gatton Campus).[citation needed]

Attractions edit

Local tourist attractions include the Big Rig and Oil and Gas Museum, Romavilla Winery and Roma Saleyards. The winery is the oldest in Queensland.[80]

Roma is also known for its bottle trees.[81] With a girth of 9.51 metres, one specific bottle in Edwardes Street is promoted as one of Roma's tourist attractions.[82]

Events edit

Since 1977, Roma has hosted an annual 'Easter in the Country' event.[83][84]

The annual Roma Show is held in May.[85][86]

Notable people edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Roma (SAL)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023.  
  2. ^ "Roma Postcode". Australia Post. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  3. ^ "Roma – town in Maranoa Region (entry 28969)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  4. ^ "Roma – locality in Maranoa Region (entry 47453)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  5. ^ Queensland. Survey Office. (1923). "Map of the Roma wheat and sheep lands". Survey Office, Dept. of Public Lands. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  6. ^ "Mandandanji People". Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  7. ^ "Roma". Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  8. ^ "Mandandanji". State Library of Queensland. 15 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  9. ^ a b Mitchell, Thomas (1848). Journal of an expedition into the interior of tropical Australia.
  10. ^ a b c d Collins, Patrick (2002). Goodbye Bussamarai, The Mandandanji Land War, Southern Queensland 1842-1852. UQP. ISBN 0702232939.
  11. ^ "Maraona 70 Years Ago". Western Star And Roma Advertiser. No. 3941. Queensland, Australia. 30 June 1917. p. 4. Retrieved 4 September 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ "Maranoa 70 Years Ago". Western Star And Roma Advertiser. No. 3943. Queensland, Australia. 7 July 1917. p. 5. Retrieved 4 September 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. ^ "Muranoa 70 Years Ago". Western Star And Roma Advertiser. No. 3945. Queensland, Australia. 14 July 1917. p. 4. Retrieved 4 September 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. ^ "Maranoa 70 Years Age". Western Star And Roma Advertiser. No. 3947. Queensland, Australia. 21 July 1917. p. 5. Retrieved 4 September 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  15. ^ "Maranoa 70 Years Ago". Western Star And Roma Advertiser. No. 3949. Queensland, Australia. 28 July 1917. p. 5. Retrieved 4 September 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^ "Maranoa 70 Years Ago". Western Star And Roma Advertiser. No. 3951. Queensland, Australia. 4 August 1917. p. 4. Retrieved 4 September 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  17. ^ "Maranoa 70 Years Ago". Western Star And Roma Advertiser. No. 3955. Queensland, Australia. 18 August 1917. p. 6. Retrieved 4 September 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  18. ^ "Maranoa 70 Years Ago". Western Star And Roma Advertiser. No. 3953. Queensland, Australia. 11 August 1917. p. 6. Retrieved 4 September 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  19. ^ a b McManus, Mary (1903). Reminiscences of the Early Settlement of the Maranoa District.
  20. ^ Ashton, Paul (2006). "Australians and Greeks: Volume III: The Later Years By Hugh Gilchrist. Sydney: Halstead Press, 2004; PP432 notes, appendicies, bibliography, index; clothbound, $49.95". Public History Review. 12: 120–122. doi:10.5130/phrj.v12i0.194.
  21. ^ Wilson, Paul D. "Bassett, Samuel Symons (1840–1912)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  22. ^ "Presbyterian Churches On The Downs - Downs Folk". Downs Folk. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  23. ^ "NOTES AND NEWS". Dalby Herald And Western Queensland Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 7 June 1866. p. 2. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020 – via Trove.
  24. ^ "ROMA DISTRICT COURT". The Brisbane Courier. National Library of Australia. 18 February 1873. p. 3. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
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