The rough frog (Ranoidea verrucosa), also known as the woodland water-holding frog, warty water-holding frog, and red-backed cyclorana, is a species of treefrog native to northern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland, Australia.[3][4][5][6][7]
| Rough frog | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | Ranoidea |
| Species: | R. verrucosa
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| Binomial name | |
| Ranoidea verrucosa | |
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| Map of Australia showing the distribution of rough frog | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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Taxonomy
editThe rough frog was originally described as Cyclorana verrucosus by Tyler and Martin in 1997,[2][3] and later placed in the genus Litoria.[3]
Description
edit
The rough frog is a medium-sized burrowing frog. Male frogs reach between 35–45 mm in body length and females are slightly larger at 37–49 mm in length.[5][6]
This stout frog is typically grey-brown to olive brown in colour.[4] Its back is irregularly marked with dark green spots on a tan background, or black/dark grey on a pale brown background.[5][4] Both colour variations have a thin pale cream coloured stripe that runs along the middle of the back from front to rear.[6] The belly is pale whitish colour, and the male has a grey throat.[6] The edge of the upper lip is brown with white flecks.[4] A broad dark band runs either side of the nose and continues behind the eye before merging with the patterns along the side body.[4]
As per its namesake, the rough frog's skin has a rough, warty or ridged texture.[7] The throat of the male is finely granular, but the female's throat is smooth.[4] The rough skin distinguishes it from all other frogs that live within its geographical area.[9]
Toes are one-third webbed.[4] The inner metatarsal tubercle is shovel-shaped to assist in burrowing.[4]
Distribution and habitat
editThe rough frog can be found near seasonal ponds, creeks and claypans in open grassland and closed or open woodland on clay soils.[1][4][5][9] It is distributed across Northern NSW into south-eastern Queensland, but not along the coast or in the ranges.[4] It spends dry periods underground in dormancy and emerges following heavy rain. Roadside reserves are considered as significant habitat areas.[1]
Behaviour
editLittle is known regarding the behaviour of the rough frog. It is a burrowing frog that will burrow during dry periods, and emerge to breed and feed after extended periods of rain.[6]
Lifespan and reproduction
editLittle is known about the rough frog's lifespan. It breeds in flooded depressions during spring to summer, and sometimes in autumn, after heavy rains.[6][1][4] Males sound mating calls that resemble a long moaning growl.[9] Very little data exists regarding reproduction of the Rough Frog, however it is conserved to be similar to Litoria cultripes, in which eggs are laid in large clumps under the surface of water in temporary ponds, swamps or roadside ditches.[6] Larvae are free swimming, tadpoles can grow as long as 7.5 cm being a dull gold/white in colour.[6][1] It is unknown how long they take to develop into frog, but they develop rapidly during warm months before water drys up.[6][10]
Conservation
editThe rough frog is defined as Least Concern on IUCN's Red List.[1] The population is stable. There are conservation sites throughout the habitat range of the frog, and it currently occurs in at least one protected area. Fragmentation of population is limited, but there is a continuing decline is area and quality of habitat.[1]
Agriculture and aquaculture including annual and perennial non-timber crops are identified as threats to the rough frog. Future development in south-eastern Queensland may also pose a threat.[1] Direct human impact, urbanisation, tourism and inappropriate catchment management, including the degradation of water quality are also threats to the persistence of this species.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Jean-Marc Hero, John Clarke, Ed Meyer. (2004). "Litoria verrucosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T41078A10397162. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T41078A10397162.en. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Tyler, MJ; Martin, AA (1977). "Taxonomic studies of some Australian leptodactylid frogs of the genus Cyclorana Steindachner". Records of the South Australian Museum. 17: 261–276.
- ^ a b c d Frost, Darrel R. (2022). "Ranoidea verrucosa (Tyler and Martin, 1977)". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cogger, H (2018). Reptiles and amphibians of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-1-48-630969-6.
- ^ a b c d Barker, J; Grigg, GC; Tyler, MJ (1995). A Field Guide to Australian Frogs. Surrey: Beatty & Sons. ISBN 0-949324-61-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Australian Museum (2021). "Cyclorana verrucosa". Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ a b Frogs of Australia (2021). "Cyclorana verrucosa - Rough Frog". Frogs of Australia. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ "Welcome to our new Bio-Expertise Engine". bee.questagame.com. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
- ^ a b c Tyler, Michael J. (March 2020). Field guide to the frogs of Australia. CSIRO. ISBN 978-1-4863-1245-0. OCLC 1114290166.
- ^ a b "Frogs Australia Network - Australian Frog Database - Cyclorana verrucosa - Rough Collared Frog". 2006-10-02. Archived from the original on 2006-10-02. Retrieved 2021-06-15.