Ramat Rachel or Ramat Raḥel (Hebrew: רָמַת רָחֵל, lit. 'Rachel's Heights') is a kibbutz located in central Israel. An enclave within Jerusalem's municipal boundaries, near the neighborhoods Arnona and Talpiot, and overlooking Bethlehem and Rachel's Tomb (for which the kibbutz is named), it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Yehuda Regional Council. In 2022, it had a population of 550.[1]
Ramat Rachel
רָמַת רָחֵל رمات راحيل | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Ramat Rachel | |
| Coordinates: 31°44′24″N 35°13′8″E / 31.74000°N 35.21889°E | |
| Country | Israel |
| District | Jerusalem |
| Council | Mateh Yehuda |
| Affiliation | Kibbutz Movement |
| Founded | 1926 |
| Founded by | Jerusalem Brigade of Gdud HaAvoda |
| Population (2022)[1] | 550 |
| Website | www |
According to archaeologists, Ramat Rachel "replaced Jerusalem as the economic and political hub of the southern highlands" in ancient times.[2]
History
editThe kibbutz was established in 1926 by members of the Gdud HaAvoda labor brigade. Their goal was to settle in Jerusalem and earn their livelihood from manual labor, working in such trades as stonecutting, housing construction and haulage.[3] After living in a temporary camp in Jerusalem, a group of ten pioneers settled on a stony plot of land on an 803-metre high hill south of the city. The kibbutz was destroyed by the Arabs in the riots of 1929. Hundreds of Arabs attacked the training farm and burned it to the ground.[4] The settlers returned to the site a year later. According to a census conducted in 1931 by the British Mandate authorities, Ramat Rachel had a population of 131, in 45 houses.[5]
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, it was temporarily cut off from the city.[6]
In 1967, it was the target of intensive artillery shelling from Jordanian positions. As the borders of Jerusalem were expanded southward, the kibbutz was surrounded from all sides by the city's municipal borders. In 1990, the kibbutz had a population of 140 adults and 150 children.[7]
Economy
editThe kibbutz economy is based on hi-tech, tourism and agriculture.
Hotel Mitzpeh Rachel is the only kibbutz hotel in Jerusalem. The hotel, surrounded by gardens, has 108 rooms with a panoramic view of Bethlehem, the Judean Desert and Herodion. The hotel also operates a convention center, tennis courts and a large swimming pool.[8]
The kibbutz grows cherries, oranges, nectarines, grapefruit, olives, persimmons, figs, pomelos and tangerines.
Archaeological findings
edit
The first scientific exploration of the site, known in Arabic as Khirbet es-Sallah, was conducted by Benjamin Mazar and Moshe Stekelis in 1930–1931. In a series of digs in 1959–1962, Yohanan Aharoni tentatively identified it as the biblical Beit Hakerem (Jeremiah 6:1), one of the places from which flaming warning signals were sent to Jerusalem at the end of the First Temple period.[9] Yigael Yadin dated the palace excavated by Aharoni to the reign of Athaliah and identified it as the "House of Baal" recorded in 2 Kings 11:18.
One of many important artifacts discovered at Ramat Rachel are numerous stamp impressions. Among these are LMLK seal impressions.[10] Archaeologist Gabriel Barkay, who excavated the site in 1984, says the ancient name of the site may have been MMST, the enigmatic fourth word that appears on some of the handles.[11]
Archaeological excavations resumed in 2004 under the direction of Oded Lipschits (Tel Aviv University) and Manfred Oeming (Heidelberg University). According to Lipschits, the site was a palace or administrative center with a waterworks system "unparalleled in Eretz Israel."[12][13][full citation needed] Lipschits says agricultural produce was collected there as a source of government tax revenue.[14] A large number of arrowhead finds from the site suggest the presence of a Babylonian garrison during the sixth century BCE, consistent with evidence of its function as a major administrative center during this period.[15]
In July 2008, archeologists discovered a cooking pot from the 1st century CE containing 15 large gold coins. The pot was found under the floor of a columbarium.[16]
In 2023, an ancient Greek tomb was discovered, which is believed to date back to the late 4th century and early 3rd century BCE. It contained the remains of a Greek courtesan (Hetaira) and artifacts, including a rare mirror.[17]
Sculptures and environmental art
edit
A grove of 200 olive trees planted on the outskirts of the kibbutz leads up to the Olive Columns, three 33-foot high pedestals topped by live olive trees, the work of Israeli artist Ran Morin.[18]
In the hotel garden is a sculpture of the biblical matriarch Rachel, who personifies the nation. The sculpture is inscribed with a Hebrew Bible verse from Jeremiah 31:17: "Your children will return to their own land." In the Book of Jeremiah, Rachel is depicted as a woman surveying the horizon as though waiting for others.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Gadot, Yuval (2015). "In the Valley of the King: Jerusalem's Rural Hinterland in the 8th-4th Centuries BCE". Tel Aviv. 42 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1179/0334435515Z.00000000043. S2CID 129413179.
- ^ "Kibbutz Ramat Rachel". Krr.co.il. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ "קיבוץ רמת רחל ענפים עסקיים". Krr.co.il. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 42
- ^ Lapidot, Yehuda (15 July 1948). "Besiege: The Battle For Ramat Rachel, Southern Gateway To Jerusalem". Daat.co.il. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ Rosovsky, Nitza (20 May 1990). "Israel's Kibbutz Guesthouses". The New York Times. ISRAEL. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- ^ "Ramat Rachel Hotel". Krr.co.il. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ "Back To Ramat Rahel: What Do We Want To Find". Tau.ac.il. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ Grabbe, Lester L. (2003). Like a Bird in a Cage: The Invasion of Sennacherib in 701 BCE. A&C Black. p. 9. ISBN 9780826462152. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- ^ Barkay, Gabriel (2006). "Royal Palace, Royal Portrait?". Biblical Archaeology Review. 32:5 (September/October): 34–44.
- ^ David A. Smith (21 September 2006). "Fit for a king". The Jerusalem Post Online. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
- ^ "Israel News". Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Israeli researchers: Jerusalem's trendiest street built over biblical site". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ Dugaw, Sean; Lipschits, Oded; Stiebel, Guy (2020). "A New Typology of Arrowheads from the Late Iron Age and Persian Period and its Historical Implications". Israel Exploration Journal. 70 (1): 64–89. JSTOR 27100276.
- ^ "J'lem Dig turns up gold coins from the end of Second Temple period". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ "2,300-year-old tomb found in Israel may contain remains of Greek courtesan". CNN. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ "Ramat Rachel". Goisrael.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
External links
edit
- Ramat Rachel Revisited: An Interview with Oded Lipschits Damqatum 1 (2006): 1-4.