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Eluru

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This article is about the city in Andhra pradesh, India. For other uses, see Eluru (disambiguation).

Eluru (/ˈɛlʊruː/ eh-loo-roo) is a city and the district headquarters of Eluru district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the 14 municipal corporations in the state and the mandal headquarters of Eluru mandal in the Eluru revenue division. Situated on the banks of the Tammileru River, Eluru is strategically positioned in the southeastern part of Andhra Pradesh. It was historically known as Helapuri. As of 2011 Census of India, the city had a population of 214,414, reflecting its status as a major urban center. The city’s historical significance dates back to the second century CE, with evidence of its ancient roots found in various archaeological sites and historical records. Eluru was a prominent town under the rule of the Qutub Shahis, who governed the region in the 16th century. It came under the control of the Mughal Empire in the 17th century as the empire expanded its influence across South India. The town later became part of the Nawab of Hyderabad's dominions in the 18th century. During British India, Eluru was incorporated into the Madras Presidency and made capital for Northern Circars in the early 19th century. The British established administrative and infrastructural developments in the town, shaping its modern identity.

Eluru
Helapuri
Municipal Corporation
Clockwise from top: District Collectorate of Eluru district, Eluru railway station, Sunset at Kolleru Lake, Eluru Buddha Park, Gopuram of Sanivarapupeta temple ang NH16 near Eluru
Motto: 
Truth always Triumphs
Eluru is located in Andhra Pradesh
Eluru
Eluru
Coordinates: 16°42′42″N 81°06′11″E / 16.71167°N 81.10306°E / 16.71167; 81.10306
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
DistrictEluru
Founded2nd century
Incorporated (town)1866
Incorporated (city)9 April 2005
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • BodyEluru Municipal Corporation, ELUDA
 • M.PPutta Mahesh Kumar (T.D.P)
 • M.L.ARadha Krishnayya Badeti (T.D.P)
Area
[2]
 • Municipal Corporation11.52 km2 (4.45 sq mi)
 • Urban
154 km2 (59 sq mi)
 • Metro
[3]
3,328.99 km2 (1,285.33 sq mi)
Elevation
22 m (72 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipal Corporation214,414[1]
 • Rank12th (in state)
 • Metro
2,760,160[3]
Demonym(s)Elurian, Elurite, Helapuree
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
534***
Telephone code+91–08812
Vehicle registrationAP-39
Websiteeluru.cdma.ap.gov.in/en

The city came into headlines after the outbreak in 2020, which was a significant event that drew national attention. The incident involved a mysterious illness that affected hundreds of people, leading to widespread concern and a major public health response. It is situated in the Krishna River Delta region, and is known for its fertile agricultural lands. The city is intersected by various rivers and canals. Kolleru Lake, the largest freshwater lake in inland India is located within a few kilometers from the city. As of 2011 census of India, Eluru Municipal Corporation had a population of 214,414, where as Eluru Urban Development Authority has a population around 2,760,160. Eluru has made significant contributions to Indian film and arts through several notable personalities like L. V. Prasad, Silk Smitha, Sekhar Kammula etc. The city plays a crucial role in regional commerce, Eluru is renowned primarily for its pile carpets, though it also manufactures textiles and leather goods. Additionally, the city serves as a key trade hub for fresh water fish, rice, oilseeds, tobacco, and sugar. Located on the Golden Quadrilateral, the city is well-connected by road, rail, and airways. Alluri Sitarama Raju Stadium, situated in Eluru, is a prominent sports venue named after the celebrated Indian freedom fighter Alluri Sitarama Raju. Eluru’s educational landscape includes several notable institutions, such as ASRAM Medical college, Sir C.R. Reddy Educational Institutions, etc, which contribute to the city's reputation as a center for learning.

History

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Toponymy

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It was a part of the Vengi Kingdom.[4] During the rule of the Buddhist kingdom of Vengi, it was the capital city and was known as 'Helapuri'.[5] It was also known as 'Ellore'.[6] To distinguish with Vellore, which was having same pronunciation during Nizam rule, Ellore was referred as Uppu Ellore (i.e. Salt Ellore), while the former one was referred as Ra Vellore or Raya Vellore.[7]

Early and medieval history

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Historical affiliations
 
There were 25 inscriptions of Vengi Chalukyas found on these pillars of Mandapam at Kotadibba, (Eluru Fort Land)

The history of Eluru dates back to the second century CE and has great prominence in the history of Andhra. Vengi near Eluru was the capital of Andhra from the second century to the twelfth century, ruled by Salankayanas, Vishnukudinas, and Eastern Chalukyas. Vengi was the capital city of Andhradesa for more years than any other city in Andhra Pradesh. Eluru was part of the Buddhist kingdom of Vengi.

The Salankayanas ruled from the third to the fifth century CE, with their domain centered around the Vengi region and Eluru serving as their capital.[8] Known as Šalaňkayana after their Gotra name, they were feudatories of the Ikshvakus. The historical significance of the Salankayanas is highlighted by the inscription of their first known king, Devavarman, in Eluru (Ellore), where he recorded performing the Ashvamedha sacrifice to mark his successful establishment of the kingdom.[9] The Salankayanas are considered one of the elusive kingdoms of Andhra, with their timeline corroborated by references in the Samudra Gupta inscription mentioning Hastivarman of Vengi.[10]

In the late fifth century, the Salankayanas were conquered by Madhavarma II of the Vishnukundinas. During the reign of Madhava Varma the Great, they became independent and conquered coastal Andhra from the Salankayanas and might have shifted their capital to a place in coastal Andhra.[11] Eluru was a major city of the Vishnukundinas.[12] Vishnukundin reign might be fixed between the end of the Salankayana and the rise of the Eastern Chalukyan power in 624 AD.[13]

Eastern Chalukyas, or Chalukyas of Vengi, were a dynasty of South India whose kingdom was in the present day Andhra Pradesh. Their capital was Vengi near Eluru and their dynasty lasted around 500 years from the seventh century until c. 1130 C.E., when the Vengi kingdom merged with the Chola empire.[14] The Vengi kingdom continued to be ruled by the Eastern Chalukyas (Eastern Chalukyan kings) under the protection of the Chola empire until 1189 C.E., when the kingdom succumbed to the Hoysalas and the Yadavas. They had their capital originally at Vengi, now Pedavegi, near Eluru of the West Godavari district and was later changed to Rajamahendravaram (Rajahmundry).

Eluru was captured by the Kakatiyas and then became a part of the Kalinga Empire until 1471 C.E.. Later, it fell into the hands of the Gajapatis. In 1515, Srikrishnadevaraya captured it. After the fall of the Vijayanagara Kingdom, The region fell under Golkonda Sultan in c. 1565 C.E. and subsequently became part of the Mughal Empire in 1687. Following the Mughal decline, local zamindars gained power. Mohammedans built the fort at Eluru from the ruins of Vengi.[15]

Modern history

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Map of Andhra Pradesh prior to Independence

In the early 17th century, the East India Company was establishing its foothold in the Indian subcontinent amidst the complex political landscape of the Mughal Empire. In 1689, after Mughal forces occupied the Vizagapatam factory and seized Company servants, the renewal of the factory's lease was secured, including for Eluru. The President of Fort St. George informed the Governors of Eluru and other factories about the reconciliation with the Mughals. Due to threats from local bandits, the Company requested permission to fortify the Vizagapatam factory, which Nawab Asad Khan granted in April 1689.[16]

Between 1750 and 1850, the Northern Coromandel region, including Eluru, witnessed significant political and administrative changes. In 1724, the region was integrated into the Nizam of Hyderabad's dominion. By 1753, the Northern Circars, including Eluru, were ceded to the French East India Company by Nizam-ul-Mulk Salabat Jung, the fourth Nizam of Hyderabad.[17] In the mid-18th century, the power struggle between the French and British East India Companies significantly impacted the region around Eluru. By December 1758, during the Carnatic wars, British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Forde began a series of military operations in the Northern Circars, including the area around Eluru. This was part of a broader strategy to weaken the French position in the Deccan and support local allies. On October 20, 1758, British troops arrived at Visakhapatnam, subsequently advancing to Eluru. By February 6, 1759, British forces reached Eluru, and by March 3, they neared Masulipatnam. The French commander, Conflaus, had sought assistance from the Nizam of Hyderabad, Salabat Jung, but British pressure led to the eventual surrender of Masulipatnam on April 8, 1759. The victory at Masulipatnam and the subsequent retreat of French forces marked a turning point. In the Treaty of 14 May 1759, Nizam Salabat Jung ceded the Northern Circars, including Eluru, to the British. This treaty solidified British control in the region and significantly diminished French influence. In 1766, a treaty was signed between the Nizam and the British East India Company, formalizing the lease of the Northern Circars, including Eluru, to the British. This agreement was part of a broader strategy by the British to secure their interests in the region and stabilize their position against other regional powers.[18]

During British rule, Eluru was a military station and the capital city of Northern Circars, a division of the Madras Presidency.[19][20] In the Madras Presidency, the District of Rajahmundry was created in 1823.[21] It was reorganized in 1859 and was bifurcated into Godavari and Machilipatnam districts. Eluru was a part of Machilipatnam district after the division of the Northern Circars. In 1859, it was included in the Godavari district; later, it was made a part of the Krishna district. During British rule, Rajahmundry was the headquarters of the Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was divided, Eluru became the headquarters of West Godavari.[22] In 2022, Eluru district was carved out of West Godavari and includes the Assembly constituencies of Eluru, Chintalapudi, Nuzvid, Denduluru, Unguturu, Kaikalur and Polavaram.[23]

Indian independence movement

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Main article: Indian independence movement

After the decision of the All India Congress Socialist Party (AICSP) to organize provincial parties, the Andhra Pradesh Congress Socialist Party (APCSP) was formed in June 1934. The main goal, as articulated by N. G. Ranga, was "to convert the Congress to socialism" and to expand the party's influence throughout Andhra. Branches were established in Eluru, Guntur, Gudivada, and Bezwada. Initially, the party focused on organizing conferences, holding meetings for socialist propaganda, and hosting tours by national leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan and Jawaharlal Nehru.[24] During Mahatma Gandhi's individual Satyagraha in 1941, Pattabhi Sitaramaiah led the movement in Andhra. After Sitaramaiah's arrest, Venkata Raju was appointed as his successor with Gandhi’s approval on March 19, 1941. Venkata Raju subsequently traveled to various Andhra towns, including Eluru, to build support for the Satyagraha. His efforts were notable in Eluru and other locations such as Guntur, Vijayawada, and Kakinada. Venkata Raju’s activism continued during the Quit India Movement, where he led underground efforts in Guntur District before his arrest in Tenali on September 3, 1942.[25]

Dalit Movement

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Under the chairmanship of Bhagya Reddy Varma, the First Andhra Desa Panchama Conference was held in Bezawada (Vijayawada) on November 4-6, 1917. Varma's efforts included extensive tours across Andhra Districts, with Eluru being a notable stop. His advocacy led to a significant shift in government policy. The Government of Madras, influenced by these pressures, issued G.O.No.817 on March 25, 1922, replacing the term Panchama with Adi-Andhra in Andhra.[26]

In 1944, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar visited Eluru during his tour of Andhra Pradesh. Ambedkar used his platform to criticize Gandhi, asserting that Gandhi's policies were unsuitable for India and likening them unfavorably to Abraham Lincoln's approach. Despite his criticism of Gandhi, Ambedkar's visit was significant for Eluru's Dalit community. His speeches inspired local untouchables, leading to increased self-consciousness and activism. Ambedkar's visit was well-received, and he was presented with Welcome Addresses by various local associations, including the Vaisya Association, Backward Classes Association, and Prema Samajam. Ambedkar's visit to Eluru and other Andhra towns, along with the government's support for the upliftment of untouchables, marked a period of significant social and political change in the region. His influence helped galvanize local leaders and activists, contributing to the broader Dalit movement in Andhra Pradesh.[27]

Eluru outbreak

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Main article: Eluru outbreak

On December 4, 2020, Eluru, a town in southern India, experienced an outbreak of neurological symptoms, including seizures and loss of consciousness. Within three days, approximately 400 people were affected. A multidisciplinary team from [Institute Name] was dispatched to investigate the outbreak. The team collected biological samples, including blood and urine, from 112 participants, comprising 103 cases (77 active cases and 26 recovered) and 9 controls. Water and food samples were also gathered to identify potential sources of contamination.[28] Analysis revealed that Triazofos, an organophosphate pesticide, was present in 74% of blood samples and its metabolites in 98% of urine samples from affected individuals. Heavy metals, including lead and mercury, were within permissible limits, and no mycotoxins were detected in food samples. While municipal water sources were free of pesticides, household water contained Triazofos at an average concentration of 1.00 µg/L.[29] The investigation concluded that Triazophos pesticide contamination in household drinking water was the likely cause of the outbreak. Recommendations included enhanced surveillance for residual pesticides in soil, water, and food, as well as an intersectoral approach involving government and public health agencies to identify contamination sources. Promoting rational pesticide use and conducting educational programs were also advised to prevent future outbreaks.[30]

Geography

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Tammileru river at Ashok nagar during floods in 2020

Eluru is situated at 16°42′42″N 81°06′11″E / 16.71167°N 81.10306°E / 16.71167; 81.10306, with an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) from the sea level. It is located on the Eastern coastal plains, approximately midway between the Krishna and Godavari rivers and about 50 kilometers inland from the Bay of Bengal.[31] The city's geography is notably shaped by its proximity to several significant water bodies. The Tammileru River flows through Eluru and ultimately empties into Kolleru Lake, a large freshwater lake situated near the city. Kolleru Lake is crucial for local agriculture and wildlife, serving as an important ecological and economic resource.[32] The Eluru Canal, a part of National Waterway 4, runs through the city and serves as a major irrigation and waterway. This canal is a crucial part of the region's water management system, transporting water from the Krishna River and facilitating irrigation for the surrounding agricultural areas.[22]

Eluru is located in the Pranhita-Godavari Graben, a rift that stretches from Boregaon in Maharashtra to the east coast of Andhra Pradesh. This region features a range of geological deposits from the Permian to Early Cretaceous periods. Lower Gondwana formations like Talchir and Barakar are found along the basin's edges, while Upper Gondwana sediments, including Kamthi and Kota Sandstones, are present in the central areas. The basin’s diverse geology reflects a history of varying marine and terrestrial environments.[33]

Kolleru Lake

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Kolleru lake during Winter
Main article: Kolleru Lake

Kolleru Lake is the largest freshwater lake situated between the major river deltas of the Godavari and Krishna along India's east coast. This shallow wetland has a depth ranging between 0.5 and 2.0 meters in summer and spans approximately 245 square kilometers. Designated as a wetland of international significance under the Ramsar Convention, Kolleru serves as a flood-balancing reservoir and a crucial habitat for various resident and migratory bird species over an area of about 910 square kilometers. While the exact origin of Kolleru Lake is unclear, previous studies based on sandy beach ridges and fossil shell datings suggest it may have formed as a coastal lagoon during the Mid-Holocene period.[34]

Climate

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Eluru experiences hot and humid climate due to its proximity to the shore of Bay of Bengal. It has an average annual temperature of 28.2 °C (82.8 °F). May is the hottest and December is the coolest month of the year. Temperature crosses 40 °C (104 °F) in summer.[35] July receives most precipitation and annually the city receives an average rainfall of 992 mm (39.1 in).[36]

Climate data for Eluru, Andhra Pradesh
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.1
(84.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		34.5
(94.1) 		36.7
(98.1) 		38.6
(101.5) 		36.9
(98.4) 		32.4
(90.3) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		29.8
(85.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		32.8
(91.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		25.8
(78.4) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.2
(81.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		21.3
(70.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		23.6
(74.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 3
(0.1) 		6
(0.2) 		6
(0.2) 		14
(0.6) 		40
(1.6) 		123
(4.8) 		229
(9.0) 		186
(7.3) 		170
(6.7) 		166
(6.5) 		40
(1.6) 		9
(0.4) 		992
(39)
Source: en.climate-data.org

Demographics

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Religions in Eluru[37]
Religion Percent
Hindu
 
 89.51%
Muslim
 
 7.02%
Christians
 
 2.74%
Others†
 
 0.72%
†Includes Sikhs, Jains

As of 2011 census of India, Eluru Municipal Corporation had a population of 214,414 of which 105,707 were male and 108,707 female,[1] whilst Eluru urban agglomeration had a population of 250,693.[38] The estimated city population during 2015–16, period was 350,000.[39][40]

Hindus are in the majority, and are present throughout the city. There are also Christian, Sikh and Jain communities. According to the 2011 census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (89.51%), Muslims (7.02%), Christians (2.74%), and others (0.72%).

Administration

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A view of Police Quarters from Hotel Grand Arya

Local Government

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Eluru Municipal Corporation is the civic body of Eluru. It was first constituted as a municipality in 1866.[41] It was upgraded to Municipal Corporation on 9 April 2005 from selection grade municipality.[5] It is spread over an area of 14.50 km2 (5.60 sq mi) with 50 wards.[2] The present Municipal Commissioner of the city is Y.Sai Sreekanth and the Mayor is Shaik Noorjahan.[42] In 2015, as per the 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' of the Ministry of Urban Development, Eluru Municipal Corporation was ranked 249th in the country.[43]

Eluru urban agglomeration is spread over an area of 23.85 km2 (9.21 sq mi) and its constituents include Eluru municipal corporation, census towns of Sanivarapupeta, Satrampadu, Gavaravaram, Tangellamudi, and partly out growths of Komadavole, Eluru (rural) villages.[44][45]: 54 

The Eluru Urban Development Authority (ELUDA) is an urban planning organization established on January 1, 2019, under the AP Metropolitan Region and Urban Development Authority Act, 2016.[46] Based in Eluru, West Godavari district, the ELUDA is responsible for overseeing development and planning within its jurisdiction, which spans an area of 3,327.99 square kilometers. The authority manages urban planning for Eluru city, as well as seven municipalities namely; Bhimavaram, Kovvur, Narasapuram, Nidadavolu, Palakollu, Tadepalligudem, and Tanuku and one Nagar Panchayat, Jangareddygudem. The formation of ELUDA aims to streamline and enhance urban development in the region, ensuring coordinated growth and improved infrastructure.[3]

Law and order in Eluru is maintained with the help of eight police stations, which includes one woman and one traffic police station. These are under the jurisdiction of the 'Additional Judicial First Class Magistrate'.[47]

Healthcare

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The Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) has highlighted that West Godavari, which has since been split into Eluru district and West Godavari district, ranks first in Andhra Pradesh in terms of healthcare infrastructure development according to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). As of 1998, Eluru had 73 clinics, including 50 private and 23 government establishments. With a population of 215,804 (2001), the city had 159 doctors, translating to approximately 7.4 doctors per 10,000 people; 304 nurses, or about 14.1 nurses per 10,000 people; and 849 hospital beds, equating to about 39.4 beds per 10,000 people. Approximately 75% of private hospitals in Eluru were established between the 1980s and 1990s. Government hospitals account for 40% of the hospital beds, while 75% of doctors work in the private sector, and 55% of trained nurses and paramedics are employed privately.[48]

Politics

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Eluru (Assembly constituency) is one of the constituencies for Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Radha Krishnayya Badeti is the present MLA of the constituency from Telugu Desam Party.[49] The constituency falls under Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency) which was won by Putta Mahesh Kumar of the same party.[50][51]

Economy

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CMR Central: A Multiplex mall

Eluru is recognized for its diverse industrial landscape, featuring a wide range of functional categories and economic activities.[52] Since the 17th century, Eluru was known for rug weaving, derived from weavers of Iranian descendants.[6] Around 1900, the notable Madras export firm Arbuthnot contracted the production of Eluru carpets.[53] R.R.Pet, Powerpet, Eluru 1-Town area are the commercial centres.[54] Tangellamudi, Sanivarapupeta and Lakshavarapupeta areas of the city are known for the wool pile carpet industry. The eco-friendly carpets are exported to countries like the United States, Australia, Germany and the United Kingdom.[55][56]

Government allotted 1.416 km2 (0.547 sq mi) of land near Vatluru and Bhogapuram for a light combat aircraft manufacturing facility[57] which is estimated to cost about ₹2,135 billion (US$26 billion).[58]

Economic Impact of COVID-19

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The COVID-19 lockdown had a profound impact on the economy of Eluru. Over 51,500 workers across 23 sectors faced income loss during the lockdown. Additionally, approximately 20,000 weavers, fishermen, tailors, artisans, and self-employed individuals experienced significant disruptions to their livelihoods. The situation was exacerbated by the fact that Eluru, despite constituting only 5.5% of the district’s population, reported over 40% of the district's COVID-19 cases, with 7,000 cases in the town, including 6,000 from its slums, which were particularly vulnerable. The economic strain led many workers from the unorganised sector to turn to reselling liquor, purchased from reopened wine shops, to cope with income loss and mounting loan interests. Despite the central government’s moratorium on house rents and loan interests,[59] many individuals faced future financial burdens and were forced to take handloans, risking vehicle seizures and further jeopardizing their livelihoods. Building workers in Eluru, numbering around 6,000, were severely affected due to a sand policy crisis that halted sand mining and compounded by the pandemic[60]. Additionally, the retail and service sectors suffered greatly; approximately 8,000 mall workers lost their jobs and wages, while around 5,000 housemaids were left unpaid and faced reduced work opportunities, often being asked to work outside their employers' homes, leading to further economic distress.[61]

Culture

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St. Paul's Lutheran Church near Ameenapet Police Quarters
 
Lord Venkateswara Temple in RR Pet

Eluru, once a prominent seat of the Chalukya kings, is preparing to open a new museum dedicated to showcasing its rich historical artifacts.[62] It is located at Goreela Badi on the eastern street of I-town and will feature copper plates from the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries, discovered during excavations at Jain sites such as Gandigudem and Pulla. Additionally, idols from Chalukya period Jain temples, including those from Kota Sattemma and Peddintlamma temples, will be displayed. Efforts are also underway to move prehistoric tools from the Kakinada museum to Eluru; these tools, dating from the Paleolithic to Neolithic ages, were originally found in Pedavegi and Jangareddygudem. The new museum will seek permission to transfer Chalukya period inscriptions from Chennai, which document early Telugu usage.[63][64]

Dwaraka Tirumala, often referred to as Chinna Tirupathi, is a prominent temple near Eluru dedicated to Lord Venkateswara Swamy, located on Seshadri Hill. The temple features a self-manifested idol of Sri Venkateswara Swamy, discovered by the saint Dwaraka, giving the temple its name. Eluru Ashram, or Nam Datta Natha Kshetra, is linked to the Datta Peetham and includes a small temple with idols of Lord Dattatreya and Anagha Devi. The ashram also houses a spacious prayer hall and a Guru Nilayam.[65]

Notable people

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Eluru has made significant contributions to Indian film and arts through several notable personalities. L. V. Prasad was a versatile film producer, actor, director, and cinematographer who played a crucial role in shaping Telugu cinema. Pasupuleti Kannamba was a celebrated actress and playback singer whose work left an enduring impact on the industry. Sekhar Kammula is renowned for his direction and production, with his films receiving critical acclaim. Silk Smitha gained fame as a prominent film actress known for her powerful performances. Naga Shaurya is a rising star in contemporary Telugu cinema, earning recognition for his acting. Shanmukha Srinivas has made notable contributions as both an actor and a Kuchipudi dancer. V. N. Aditya is recognized for his work as a film director and screenwriter. Vijaya Bapineedu has made his mark as a film director and screenwriter.

List of Notable People From Eluru
Name Occupation Reference
Kommareddi Suryanarayana Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha member in Indian Parliament; Indian freedom activist
Murali Mohan Member of Parliament; Telugu film actor, producer, and business executive [66]
Duvvuri Subbarao Economist; 22nd Governor of the Reserve Bank of India [67]
Muhammad Shahabuddin Judge, Federal Court of Pakistan; Governor, East Pakistan [68]
Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu Lawyer; professor; Justice Party leader; Governor and Chief Minister of Madras Presidency
Chodagam Ammanna Raja Indian freedom movement activist; Rajya Sabha member
Mothey Vedakumari Parliamentarian; singer
V. S. Ramadevi First woman to become Chief Election Commissioner of India
Pawan Kumar Former cricketer for Andhra and Hyderabad
L. V. Prasad Film producer; actor; director; cinematographer; businessman [69]
Pasupuleti Kannamba Actress; playback singer; film producer of Telugu cinema
Vijaya Bapineedu Magazine editor; film screenwriter; director
V. N. Aditya Film director; screenwriter
Sekhar Kammula Film director; screenwriter; producer
Silk Smitha Film actress [70]
Naga Shaurya Film actor [71]
Shanmukha Srinivas Film actor; Kuchipudi dancer
Arvind Krishna Chairman and CEO of IBM [72]
Sitaram Rao Valluri Engineer and Scientist [73]

Cityscape

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View of Buddha Statue

Eluru Buddha Park is in the city and is notable for its 74 ft (23 m) Buddha statue in the Abhaya posture, in the heart of Gaja Vallivari Cheruvu tank which was used as drinking water source for elephants in the Ancient Era.[74]

Kolleru Lake is a very large (30,855 hectares [100 sq mi] to 90,100 hectares [300 sq mi]) but shallow fresh-water lake, about 15 km from the city. The lake is known for attracting migratory birds from Northern Europe and Northern Asia during the months of October–March and is designated as the Kolleru Bird Sanctuary. As of 2018, the water level has been low in recent years.[75][76][77]

The "Holy Land" of Israel has been replicated on the premises of Fr. Silvio Pasquali Memorial Convent at Duggirala on the city outskirts.[78]

Transport & Connectivity

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Main article: Transport in Eluru
 
Eluru Entrance Board Vijayawada Side

Eluru has a diverse transportation system that includes auto rickshaws, bicycles, buses, and trains. Historically, the city has struggled with traffic congestion, particularly around railway gates at Vatluru, Venkatraopet, Powerpet, the old bus stand, and Eastern Locks. This issue was due to the National Highway passing through the city, leading to significant traffic delays as vehicles rushed to cross railway gates both within the city and its outskirts.[83] In response, the government constructed a mini bypass road connecting Eastern Locks and Vatluru. Despite these efforts, traffic problems persisted, partly due to the increase in vehicle numbers using the bypass road, which was originally part of the Golden Quadrilateral programme completed in the late 1990s.[39] The traffic on this road has nearly doubled since its completion. Efforts to manage the congestion included constructing an underbridge at Venkatraopet, a railway overbridge at the old bus stand, and replacing the footbridge at Powerpet with a new bridge. Despite these improvements, the traffic volume has continued to grow, with 93 traffic centers identified throughout the city.[40] Eluru's road network spans approximately 227.09 kilometers.[84] Major routes include National Highway 16, the Grand National Trunk road, and the mini-bypass roads. Plans are underway to expand the mini-bypass road into a four-lane road to improve connectivity with nearby suburbs.[85] The Grand National Trunk road is a 15-kilometer, six-lane road, while the Bypass road (NH-16) was expanded into a 6-lane road to ease traffic between Eluru and Vijayawada.[86][87] Key arterial roads include Sanivarapupeta road, Ramachandra Rao Pet main road, Powerpet Station road, Court Centre Road, Rama Mahal Centre Road, ASR Stadium road, Kannaya Park Road, and Kotadibba Road.[88] Public transportation options in Eluru include auto rickshaws, with the city being served by the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) through its old and new bus stations.[89][90] The APSRTC operates various services in and around the city.[91]

Eluru railway station is classified as an 'A–category station' in the Vijayawada railway division of South Coast Railway zone.[92][93] Apart from the main station, other stations that serve the city include Powerpet, Denduluru and Vatluru. All these stations are on the Howrah-Chennai main line. Vijayawada is the nearest airport to the city.[94] Indian National Waterway 4 (NW-4) is under development. It runs along the East Coast through Kakinada, Rajamahendravaram, Eluru, Commanur, Buckingham Canal, and part of the Krishna and Godavari rivers in South India.[95]

Sports

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Alluri Sita Ramaraju aka ASR Stadium

Cricket and soccer are the most popular sports in the city. Presently, the city has four stadium out of which Indoor Stadium and ASR Stadium hosted for Ranji Trophy in 1977. Other popular stadiums are Helapuri grounds, C.R. Reddy Cricket Stadium.

Alluri Sitarama Raju Stadium

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ASR stadium is located at 16°43′8″N 81°6′58″E / 16.71889°N 81.11611°E / 16.71889; 81.11611.[96][97] It had earlier hosted a Ranji Trophy match, handball, football and hockey tournaments.[97] The ground first held a single first-class match in 1976 when Andhra Pradesh played Hyderabad in the 1976/77 Ranji Trophy,[98] which ended in a draw.[99] It held Finals of Football League of West Godavari Matches in 2016. Current DSDO is Syed Azeez.[100]

Education

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Eluru plays a major role in education for urban and rural students from nearby villages.[101] It has an average literacy rate of 83.90% with, according to the 2011 census, a total number of 155,894 who are literate. This includes, 80,434 men (88.13%) and 75,460 women (79.82%).[102] National College of Eluru was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1921 as a part of 50 national schools established across Andhra.[103]

Primary and secondary school education is provided by government, aided, and private schools, under the School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh.[104] According to the school information report for the academic year 2016–17, the urban area has around 160 schools. These include government, residential, private, municipal, and other types of schools. There are more than 100 private schools and 49 municipal schools.[105] There are more than 30,000 students in these schools.[106]

Instruction is in English, Urdu, and Telugu.

Sri Chintalapati Varaprasada Murthy Raju was the founder of Chintalpati Satyavathi Devi College (St. Therisa College) and three high schools in the name of Indian freedom fighters: Kasturiba Girls High School, Balagangadhar Tilak Oriental for Sanskrit, Duggirala Gopal Krishnayya. Moulana Abdul Kalam Azad High School (the only school with Urdu as medium of instruction in the district).[101] The Central Board of Secondary Education, Secondary School Certificate, or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education are the types of syllabus followed by schools.

The government plans to set up Municipal Corporation Junior College in the city.[107] Eluru city has ASRAM Medical college, St Joseph Dental College, Sir C.R. Reddy Degree College, Sir C.R. Reddy College of Engineering,[108] Eluru College of Engineering and Technology, Ramachandra College of Engineering, Nova College, Helapuri Engineering College are Engineering colleges present in and around Eluru.

Sir C.R. Reddy College, situated in Eluru, has had many famous celebrity graduates. A few of them are Ghattamaneni Krishna, an actor in Telugu cinema and also Member of Parliament, Kota Srinivasa Rao, also an actor in Telugu Cinema and Member of the Legislative Assembly, D Subbarao, the former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, etc.

Research Institutions

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The city is home to the Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research.[109]

See also

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References

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