Rae-rae are trans women in Tahitian culture related to Māhū (meaning "in the middle"), a gender category in Polynesia.[1] They are regarded as an integral part of Maori tradition, history, and culture.[2]
Transgender women are common in many cultures. Rae-Rae in Tahiti are similar to Kathoey in Thailand, Kothi and Hijra in India, Femminiello in Italy, Muxe in Mexico, and Travesti in South America.
In Polynesian Society
editComparison with Māhū identity
editIn French Polynesian culture, there are two distinct third-gender categories: Māhū and Rae-Rae. Māhū, indigenous to the Islands, with a long cultural history dating back to the pre-contact period, are often described as "half-man, half-woman," engaging in feminine-coded labor and viewed positively as good advisers and caretakers.[3] Māhū are considered "traditional" and "culturally authentic."[4] While Māhū may dress as men using their given names and occasionally wear women's clothing without typically pursuing body modifications, Rae-Rae are viewed as a more modern category, often living openly as women, adopting women's names, wearing female clothing and makeup, and sometimes undergoing hormone treatment and gender-affirmation surgery.[5] Rae-rae are often critical of what they perceive as ambiguity and cowardice in Māhū gender expression.[5]
Place within French Polynesian society
editRae-Rae face varying levels of acceptance across different communities. Unlike Māhū, Rae-Rae often encounter malignment, ridicule, and harassment.[3] On Tahiti, Rae-Rae are frequently marginalized and viewed negatively due to their association with sex work, Western-style transgender identities, and white femininity, which significantly impacts their social acceptance.[6] While they find more acceptance in larger cosmopolitan areas, Rae-Rae face increased marginalization on smaller, conservative islands like Rurutu.[4] On Bora Bora, both Māhū and Rae-Rae are integrated and valued within their families and the tourist industry, with Rae-Rae not being labeled as sex workers despite engaging in similar activities.[3] Although Rae-Rae, like Māhū, are integrated into family structures and social life, they tend to stretch the limits of an accepted third-gender traditional role more than Māhū do.[5] This often leads to Rae-Rae being viewed as incompatible with the traditional Polynesian worldview and sometimes seen as culturally inauthentic due to their associations with French patrons and contemporary lifestyles.[7]
Characteristics
editGender Expression and Presentation
editRae-Rae individuals in Polynesian society express their femininity through various means, characterized by cosmopolitan fashion style and extensive makeup, often emulating Euro-American fashion-model aesthetics.[3] Unlike Māhū, who wear men's clothes and balance masculine and feminine traits, Rae-Rae engage in deliberate feminine expression by adopting female gender roles, wearing women's clothing, and using female names in their daily lives.[5] This commitment to feminine expression extends to participation in transgender beauty contests and taking on roles as advisors on fashion and cosmetics, as well as teachers of traditional dances.[5]
Rae-Rae frequently undergo bodily modifications, including hormone therapy, dieting, breast enlargement, and sometimes gender-affirming surgery, to align their physical appearance with their gender identity.[3] However, the approach to body modification among Rae-Rae is not uniform. While many use hormones to feminize their bodies and seek gender-affirming surgeries, others hesitate due to potential side effects like weight gain or impacts on sexual pleasure.[5]
History
editConnection to French military presence and sex work
editThe development of the Rae-Rae identity coincided with the opening of Fa‘a‘a International Airport and the establishment of the Centre d’Expérimentation du Pacifique (CEP) for nuclear testing, which brought an influx of military personnel and tourists to French Polynesia.[3] This influx led to a booming sex trade, prompting Māhū to adopt a more feminine appearance to attract Frenchmen, thus leading to the distinction of Rae-Rae from traditional Māhū.[4]
The term Rae-Rae emerged in Tahiti in the 1960s to describe a type of Māhū who began expressing their gender more overtly as women in society.[5] Māhū initially provided sexual services to Frenchmen, and over time, those who feminized their gender expression more successfully attracted these foreigners, which led to the emergence of the term "Rae-Rae" to distinguish these more feminized Māhū from others.[3]
Outside French Polynesia
editIntersection with LGBTQ+ Identities
editBoth Māhū and Rae-Rae are considered part of the broader LGBTQ+ spectrum in French Polynesia, but they represent different aspects of gender identity. The Rae-Rae identity aligns more closely with Western concepts of transgender women and intersects with Western notions of gay and transgender identities.[4] This Western influence has contributed to a negative perception of Rae-Rae in Tahitian society.[6]
References
edit- ^ "Tahiti's transexual rae-rae | CNN Travel". Retrieved 2018-07-03.
- ^ "The men-women of the Pacific". www.tate.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-01-26.
- ^ a b c d e f g Alexeyeff, Kalissa; Besnier, Niko, eds. (2014). Gender on the edge : Transgender, gay, and other Pacific islanders. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 9780824840198.
- ^ a b c d Huang, Robyn (September 17, 2024). "French Polynesia's Third-Gender Identities". New Lines Magazine.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ford, Jessie V.; Coleman, Eli (2024). "Gender diversity, gender liminality in French Polynesia". International Journal of Transgender Health. 25 (4): 926–942. doi:10.1080/26895269.2023.2291128.
- ^ a b Zanghellini, Aleardo (2013). "Sodomy Laws and Gender Variance in Tahiti and Hawai'i". Laws. 2 (2): 51–68. doi:10.3390/laws2020051.
- ^ Wolters, Shanice (2023-06-22). "Confronting Colonial Imaginings of Tahiti: An Examination of Painted and Photographed Representations of Māhū and Raerae". ARTiculate. 4: 36–65. ISSN 1927-9701.