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Kurd Qaburstan

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Kurd Qaburstan, is an ancient Near East archaeological site in the Erbil Governorate, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, 22 kilometers southwest of Erbil. It is considered one of the most important archaeological sites in the region. The site is strategically located between the Upper and Lower Zab rivers. The modern village of Yedi Kizlar is adjacent to and covers a portion of the southeastern lower town. The site is primarily a single-period site dating to the early 2nd millennium BC, the Middle Bronze Age (contemporaneous with the historical Old Babylonian period). There is also a compact Late Bronze Age occupation on the high mound (possibly Mitanni-related). Kurd Qaburstan has been proposed as the location of the ancient city of Qabra. The site is located near Tell Halawa, Tell Aliawa, Tell Baqrta,[1][2] and Qasr Shemamok (Kilizi), other prominent sites on the Erbil plain.[3][4][5][6]

Kurd Qaburstan
Kurd Qaburstan is located in Iraq
Kurd Qaburstan
Shown within Iraq
LocationErbil Governorate, Iraq
Coordinates35°59′24″N 43°51′36″E / 35.99000°N 43.86000°E / 35.99000; 43.86000
Typesettlement
History
Founded3rd millennium BC
PeriodsBronze Age, Islamic
Site notes
Excavation dates2013 to present
ArchaeologistsGlenn Schwartz, Andrew Creekmore, Tiffany Earley-Spadoni
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

Archaeology

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A regional survey by the Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey led by Jason Ur of the Harvard University identified the location (Site 31, Kurd Qaburstan, UTM 397479 E/3983250 N) from satellite imagery and examination of the site. From the 1960's CORONA image it appeared to be a large walled city. The 11 hectare central mound (with a modern cemetery at its highest point) is 17 meters in height with a lower town rising about 3 meters above the plain. The site has an area of around 100 hectares and the surrounding city wall (encompassing 105 hectares) is preserved to the height of between 1 and 3 meters and had bastions every 20 meters.[7][8]

 
Kurd Qaburstan

Excavation field seasons by a Johns Hopkins University team led by Glenn Schwartz and geophysics survey led by Andrew Creekmore of the University of Northern Colorado have been held in 2013, 2014, 2017, and 2022 (with a study season in 2016). In 2013 a geophysical survey was begun and seven small (6 x 10 meters) sample sections were opened. Mitanni era remains were found on the upper mound and middle Islamic remains in the lower town and the city wall was confirmed. In 2014, the geophysical survey was continued (totaling 30 hectares by seasons end) augmented by surface sherd collection. The geophysical survey showed well ordered streets and neighborhoods in the lower town, within the wall. Five trenches on the upper mound found three phases of Mitanni occupation including a cylinder seal. A trench in the lower town found Middle Bronze residential occupation. A trench on the south slope of the upper mound revealed two Middle Bronze phases with the lower firmly Old Babylonian period. A Neo-Babylonian era grave (with "stamp seals, a cylinder seal, bronze toggle pins, and a bronze fibula") was also excavated there. In 2017, continued work in the lower town showed that the Middle Bronze construction was bedded on virgin soil at a depth of 3 meters showing that the lower town was first occupied then. Continued geophysical work located a monumental Middle Bronze temple in the lower town which was confirmed by test excavation. In 2022 a 19 x 4 meter trench was excavated on the high mound north slope on a large Middle Bronze building showing signs of having been burnt. Three 10 meter by 10 meter trenches were begun in the eastern lower town. Continued magnetometry showed a large structure in the northern lower town, possible a palace.[9][10][11]

Radiocarbon dates have now been obtained for four Middle Bronze Age stratified samples, three in the upper town and one in the lower town, resulting in a calibrated date range of c. 1875–1745 BC with the MBA destruction being dated c. 1805–1733 BC. Eight samples were obtained from the Late Bronze Age, all in the upper town. For the three phases of LBA occupation, dates were obtained of c. 1538–1505 BC for Phase three, with Phase two beginning c. 1512–1491 BC and ending c. 1501–1479 BC, and with Phase One beginning c. 1489–1463 BC and ending c. 1475–1435 BC. The data suggests a two century abandonment between the MBA destruction and the Mitanni re-occupation.[12]

As of 2024, the site is being excavated by a University of Central Florida team led by Tiffany Earley-Spadoni and Andrew Creekmore of the University of Northern Colorado. The NSF funded project will focus on an investigation of everyday life at the site to better understand the social processes that led to the rapid growth of the Middle Bronze Age city.[13]

History

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The upper mound of Kurd Qaburstan was first occupied early in the 3rd millennium BC. Occupation spread to the lower town early in the 2nd millennium BC (Middle Bronze Age) and the city reached its maximum extent during the Old Babylonian period and into the Mitanni period (Middle Bronze to early Late Bronze Age). During the Late Bronze Age occupation retreated to the high mound and the northeastern lower town. Afterward, occupation was very light and restricted to the upper mound through the Sassanian period.[14]

Qabra (Qabara)

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It has been proposed that the site is the location of Qabra, known from Old Babylonian period texts. Qabra is not recorded before or after and it is assumed that it was known by that name for only a short time. It is known that Qabra was attacked by a coalition of Ekallatum, under Shamshi-Adad I (c. 1808–1776 BC) and Eshnunna, under Dadusha (c. 1800–1779 BC) and then occupied by Shamshi-Adad I (after a long siege) and afterward his son Ishme-Dagan, Shamshi-Adad I having died roughly five years after the fall of Qabra.[15][16][17] Both Dadusha and Ishme-Dagan claimed the use of tunneling to destroy the city walls of Qabra.[18] For its part Eshnunna received the "spoils" of the city. A year name of Dadush reads "Year Dadusza seized Qabarum".[19] Then, after a brief period of independence under ruler Ardigandi it fell to the city of Kakmum under its ruler Gurgurrum. The primary sources of this knowledge are from the Stele of Dadusha, Stele of Shamshi-Adad (in the Louvre), texts from Mari, and texts from Shemshara.[20][21][22][23][24] In particular a text from Mari reading:

"To our lord speak! Your servants Ibal-Pi-El and Buqaqum (say), “We [arrived] in [the city of ] Assur at bedtime and [heard] the following word from those around us: ‘Kakmum defeated Ardigandi, the [king of ] Qabra.’ This we heard from those around us. We arrived [in Ekallatum], and Isme-Dagan [spoke to us] as follows: He (said), ‘5 hundred troops of Gur-gurrum attacked [the land] of Ardigandi and looted [its villages]. 2 thousand troops of Ardi-gandi went out to the rescue and fought, and Kakmu went ahead and defeated Ardigandi. And his (Ardigandi’s) high-ranking servants were running about aimlessly. Now that man, from cause of having been defeated, [will]. And he will pay attention to your lord (Zimri-Lim)."[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Kopanias, Konstantinos, et al, "The Tell Nader and Tell Baqrta Project in the Kurdistan region of Iraq: Preliminary report of the 2011 season", Subartu 6, pp. 23-57, 2013
  2. ^ Konstantinos Kopanias, Claudia Beuger, John MacGinnis, and Jason Ur, "The Tell Baqrta Project in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq", In The Provincial Archaeology of the Assyrian Empire, edited by John MacGinnis, Dirk Wicke, and Tina Greenfield, Pp. 117-128. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2016
  3. ^ Rouault, Olivier and Masetti-Rouault, Maria Grazia, "French Excavations in Qasr Shemamok-Kilizu (Iraqi Kurdistan): The First Mission (2011)", in Tradition and Innovation in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 57th Rencontre Assyriologique International at Rome, 4–8 July 2011, edited by Alfonso Archi, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 481-490, 2015
  4. ^ Masetti-Rouault, Maria Grazia, "Late Bronze and Iron Age Levels from Qasr Shemamok.: A First Evaluation of the Impact of the Assyrian Presence in the Region East of Calah", Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Vol. 2: Field Reports. Islamic Archaeology, edited by Adelheid Otto et al., 1st ed., Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 253–64, 2020
  5. ^ Rova, Elena, "Fragments of a Hidden History: The Third Millenium BC at Qasr Shemamok", P. Abrahami et L. Battini (eds), Ina dmarri u qan tuppi. Par la bêche et le stylet, pp. 245-255, 2019
  6. ^ Rouault, Olivier, Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault, and John MacGinnis, "Les inscriptions royales d’Irišti-enni à Qasr Shemamok", Études Mésopotamiennes–Mesopotamian Studies: N° 2–2022, pp. 448-467, 2023
  7. ^ [1] UR, JASON, et al., "Ancient Cities And Landscapes In The Kurdistan Region Of Iraq: The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey 2012 Season", Iraq, vol. 75, pp. 89–117, 2013
  8. ^ [2] Ur, Jason, et al. "The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey: Preliminary Results, 2012–2020.", Iraq 83, pp. 205-243, 2021
  9. ^ Schwartz, G. M., Brinker, C. D., Creekmore, A. T., Feldman, M. H., Smith, A., & Weber, J. A., "Excavations at Kurd Qaburstan, a Second Millennium BC Urban Site on the Erbil Plain", Iraq, 79, 213-255, 2017
  10. ^ Schwartz, G., Creekmore, A., Smith, A., Weber, J., & Webster, L., "Kurd Qaburstan On The Erbil Plain: Field Research 2016–2017", Iraq, vol. 83, pp. 1-42, 2022 doi:10.1017/irq.2022.2
  11. ^ Glenn Schwartz, "Kurd Qaburstan, A 'Second Generation' Urban Site on the Erbil Plain", Presented at The 81st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Orlando, Florida. 2016
  12. ^ [3] Webster, Lyndelle C., et al., "Towards a Radiocarbon-Based Chronology of Urban Northern Mesopotamia in the Early to Mid-Second Millenium BC: Initial Results from Kurd Qaburstan", Radiocarbon, pp. 1-16, 2023
  13. ^ "NSF Award Search: Award # 2344957 - Investigating Spatial Organization of Early Urban Life". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
  14. ^ Schwartz, G., "Kurd Qaburstan, A Second Millennium BC Urban Site: First Results of the Johns Hopkins Project", in Kopanias, K., & MacGinnis, J. (Eds.). The archaeology of the Kurdistan region of Iraq and adjacent regions, pp. 385-401, Oxford: Archaeopress, 2016 ISBN 978-1784913939
  15. ^ Sasson, Jack M. "Siege Mentality: Fighting at the City Gate in the Mari Archives", Marbeh Ḥokmah: Studies in the Bible and the Ancient Near East in Loving Memory of Victor Avigdor Hurowitz, edited by Shamir Yonah, Edward L. Greenstein, Mayer I. Gruber, Peter Machinist and Shalom M. Paul, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 465-478, 2015
  16. ^ Meer, P. v. d., "A propos de l'expédition - de Dadusa a Qabra", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 16–22, 1953
  17. ^ Bloch, Yigal, "The Conquest Eponyms of Šamšī-Adad I and the Kaneš Eponym List", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 191–210, 2014
  18. ^ Abay, Eşref, Demir, Bülent and Sevin, Veli, "The Relief of Harput: A New Page in the Art History of Ancient Anatolia", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 1-25, 2021
  19. ^ [4] A. Suleiman, "Harvest Documents and Loan Contracts from the Old Babylonian Period", Sumer 34, pp. 134-139, 1978
  20. ^ Eidem, Jesper, "News from the Eastern Front: The Evidence from Tell Shemshāra", Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 83–107, 1985
  21. ^ Charpin, Dominique, "Données nouvelles sur la régoin du Petit Zab au XVIIIe siècle av. J.C.", Revue ďassyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 98, pp. 151-178, 2004
  22. ^ Eidem, Jesper; Læssøe, Jørgen, "The Shemshara archives 1. The letters", Historisk-Filosofiske Skrifter, vol. 23, Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab, 2001 ISBN 87-7876-245-6
  23. ^ Ismail, B.K., and A. Cavigneaux, "Dādušas Siegesstele IM 95200 aus Ešnunna: Die Inschrift", Baghdader Mitteilungen 34, pp. 129-156, 2003
  24. ^ MacGinnis, J., "Qabra in the Cuneiform Sources", Subartu 6-7, pp. 3-10, 2013
  25. ^ Heimpel, Wolfgang, "Translations of Texts from ARM 26/2", Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 284-410, 2003

Further reading

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  • Charpin D., "Le mariage d’une princesse de Qabra avec un prince de Qatņa. In: Marti L, Nicolle C, Shawaly K, editors. Recherches en Haute-M´esopotamie II: Mission arch´eologique de Bash Tapa (campagnes 2012–2013) et les enjeux de la recherche dans la r´egion d’Erbil. Paris: Soci´et´e pour l’´etude du Proche-Orient ancien, pp. 5–12, 2015
  • [5] Jason Ur, "The Archaeological Renaissance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq", Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 176–187, 2017
  • [6] Kopanias, Konstantinos, John MacGinnis, and Jason Alik Ur., "Archaeological projects in the Kurdistan region in Iraq.", The Directorate of Antiquities of Kurdistan, pp. 1–52, 2015.
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