Pumpokolic languages

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The Pumpokolic languages (also known as the Arin-Pumpokol,[1] depending on classification or Pumpolic languages) form one of the principal subgroups of the Yeniseian languages. All constituent languages are now extinct.

Pumpokolic
Arin-Pumpokol (obsolete classification)
EthnicityPumpokol, Jie?
Geographic
distribution
Yenisey, possibly also northeast China
Linguistic classificationDené–Yeniseian?
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologarin1242  (Arin-Pumpokol (obsolete))
Pre-contact distribution of Pumpokol.

Map of Sixteen Kingdoms in year 338, showing the Later Zhao, a state ruled by the Jie.

Classification

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The classification of this group is debated. Most classify Arin and Pumpokol (and eventually Jie) in a Southern Yeniseian subgroup,[2] but more recently linguists have placed Arin in its separate Arinic branch (sometimes placed as a subgroup of Southern Yeniseian), and classify Pumpokol(ic) as a separate branch of Yeniseian.

Arin-Pumpokol model

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Yeniseian

 

Split Arinic/Pumpokolic model

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This model is used in Vajda 2024.[3]

Yeniseian
    • Yenisei-Ostyak
    • Kottic
    • Arinic
      • Arin
    • Pumpokolic
      • Jie?
      • Pumpokolic

Southern Yeniseian model

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This model was introduced in Georg 2007[4] and used in Hölzl 2018[5].

Yeniseian
    • Northern
    • Pumpokol
    • Southern
      • Assan-Kott
      • Arin

History

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According to the Southern Yeniseian theory, Pumpokolic may have split from Yeniseian around the 9th century BCE, and would have extended southward to China in the 4th century (Melas (2022).[6][user-generated source?] Arin and Pumpokol are then posited to have separated in the 6th century. Arin is believed to have gone extinct in the 1730s and Pumpokol around the early 18th century.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Glottolog 4.6 - Arin-Pumpokol". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  2. ^ "Glottolog 4.6 - Southern Yeniseian". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  3. ^ Vajda, Edward (2024-02-19), Vajda, Edward (ed.), "8 The Yeniseian language family", The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia, De Gruyter, pp. 365–480, doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008, ISBN 978-3-11-055621-6, retrieved 2024-06-29
  4. ^ Georg, Stefan; Georg, Stefan (2007). Introduction, phonology, morphology. A descriptive grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) / Stefan Georg. Vol. 1. Folkestone: Global Oriental. ISBN 978-1-901903-58-4.
  5. ^ Hölzl 2018.
  6. ^ Melas, Costas (12 June 2022). "Dene-Yeniseian Languages". YouTube. Retrieved 2022-09-10.

Bibliography

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