Surfactant protein B is an essential lipid-associated protein found in pulmonary surfactant. Without it, the lung would not be able to inflate after a deep breath out.[5] It rearranges lipid molecules in the fluid lining the lung so that tiny air sacs in the lung, called alveoli, can more easily inflate.[6]
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| Aliases | SFTPB, PSP-B, SFTB3, SFTP3, SMDP1, SP-B, surfactant protein B, Surfactant protein B | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 178640; MGI: 109516; HomoloGene: 456; GeneCards: SFTPB; OMA:SFTPB - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gene
editSP-B is encoded by SFTPB, a single, 11425 nucleotide long gene on chromosome 2.[7] Mutations in this gene are the basis for several of the lung conditions mentioned above. Both frameshift mutations and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found correlated to a variety of lung conditions. A frame shift mutation responsible for congenital alveolar proteinosis (CAP) was identified by Kattan et al.[8] Many SNP's have been identified in relation to lung conditions. They have been correlated to severe influenza, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation necessity, and more.[9]
Protein
editSurfactant protein B (SP-B) is a small protein, weighing about 8 kDa.[10] Proteins are composed of building blocks called amino acids, and SP-B is composed of 79 of them (Valine, alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and tryptophan being found in the highest levels). Nine of these carry with them a positive charge, and two carry a negative charge, leaving a protein with a net (total) charge of +7.[5] In the body, two molecules of SP-B stick together and form what is called a homodimer.[11] These are found embedded into membranes and other lipid structures, SP-B is a highly hydrophobic, avoiding contact with water.
SP-B is the mature form of a large precursor protein called proSP-B. Synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum of type II pneumocytes, proSP-B weighs approximately 40 kDa and is cut down to the size of mature SP-B in the golgi apparatus through a process called post-translational modification.[5] ProSP-B is also created in another type of lung cell called a Club cell, but these cells are unable to edit proSP-B into SP-B.[11]
SP-B is a saposin-like protein, which is a group of related proteins known particularly for binding to membranes with negative charges and facilitating either the fusion or lysis (breaking) of the membrane. More well known proteins in this family include saposin-C, NK-lysin, and amoebopore.[6]
Function
editSP-B plays a critical role in the functioning of healthy lungs, and its absence inevitably leads to lung conditions, most common of which being acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because of this, SP-B's function has been well researched, and has been found to exist in three parts. Beyond these three functions, it is worth noting that SP-B is also thought to have some anti-inflammatory function, though it is not well defined.[12]
Indirect surface tension reduction
editThe surface tension at the border between the fluid lining and the inhaled gas (gas/fluid interface) in alveoli determines the motion of the alveoli as a whole. According to Lapace's Law, high surface tension in the gas/fluid interface of alveoli prevents the alveoli from inflating, which causes lung collapse.[13] lipid arrangement in the fluid lining of alveoli is the primary determining factor of this surface tension since the lipids form a thin film (monolayer) on the surface of the fluid lining at the gas/fluid interface. Different lipids allow for different ranges of motion and can be compacted different.[citation needed]
SP-B plays a role in this by selected certain lipids and inserting them into the gas/fluid interface. The lipid shown to be most needed on this surface (Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) does not easily move to the gas/fluid interface, but SP-B helps ease and speed up this process.[14]
SP-B also indirectly reduces surface tension by organizing the lipids underneath the surface of the gas/fluid interface in structures called tubular myelin.[5] Effectively, SP-B cuts and pastes pieces of the lipid bilayers to form the three dimensional structure of the tubular myelin. This structure is the support and lipid source for the gas/fluid interface, where surface tension is a critical factor in lung function.
Direct surface tension reduction
editBeyond arranging lipids in a way that reduces surface tension, SP-B actually directly interferes with attractive forces between water molecules.[12] This disruption in the cohesion of water minimizes further the surface tension at the gas/fluid interface.
Formation of lamellar bodies
editLamellar bodies are groups of lipids and protein that are structurally similar to tubular myelin, but are found inside instead of outside the type II pneumocytes. Similarly to its function in organizing tubular myelin, SP-B arranges lipids into the lamellar body structure.[6] Basically, SP-B plays a role in the organogenesis (formation of structure) of lamellar bodies. The lamellar bodies are then secreted into the fluid lining the interior of alveoli, and become tubular myelin. This role is critical for making pulmonary surfactant (see below)
SP-B Deficiencies and Issues
editAcute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory syncytial virus infection, familial lung disease, and pneumocystis infection are examples of deficiencies in and issues with SP-B that are correlated with lung issues.[15]
Because so many lung conditions are associated with issues around SP-B, synthetic replacements have been researched, created, and manufactured. It has been shown that 21 amino acid long peptides with positive charge and intermittent hydrophobic regions mimicking SP-B can minimize surface tension at the gas/fluid interface, and surfactant replacements for surfactant deficient patients has been used to save lives.[16][17]
Once lung distress has occurred, SP-B has been shown to be effective as a biomarker in the blood stream.[10] Higher levels of SP-B indicate some kind of lung distress, and can even indicate if the patient is currently a smoker.[18] This may be useful in the future to predict atherosclerosis, a solidifying of vascular tissue that has negative effects on the heart.
Context in surfactant
editSP-B is a critical protein for lung function, and is found in the context of pulmonary surfactant. Understanding surfactant is important to gaining a full understanding of SP-B. Surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins that coats the inside of alveoli and is essential for life due to its key role in preventing alveolar collapse at low lung volumes.[19][7] In the absence of surfactant, the surface tension at the gas/fluid interface prevents inhalation at standard pressure, but surfactant minimizes surface tension to values near zero and allows for normal breathing.[20] It is also known to have a role in both the immune response and inflammation control.
Surfactant deficiency is a common cause of respiratory disease. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a particularly well-known instance of surfactant deficiency because it has a high mortality rate among preterm babies, a variety of other conditions are related to surfactant levels and composition.[21]
Surfactant is composed of primarily lipids (90% by weight), and proteins make up only the remaining 10%. The following two sections will address the lipid and protein components respectively.
Surfactant lipids
editLipids are a broad category of mid-sized molecules that are hydrophobic or amphipathic. In surfactant, two subcategories of lipids are relevant: phospholipids and sterols. Sterols are represented by cholesterol, which has an important role in the overall structure and motion of the lipids as a whole, but is vastly outnumbered by the phospholipids in surfactant.
DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine), as mentioned above, is a lipid with very useful stabilizing and compacting attributes. SP-B works primarily with this lipid, and moves it to the gas/fluid interface where it minimized surface tension.[6] Essentially, DPPC is so important for lung function because it can shrink or expand to fit the space necessary, and a continually shrinking and expanding lung requires components like this.
Other lipids found commonly in surfactant include phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS).
Surfactant proteins
editSP-B is one of four proteins commonly found in surfactant, the other three being surfactant protein A (SP-A), surfactant protein C (SP-C), and surfactant protein D (SP-D).[7] These four are highly interconnected in their functions in surfactant. For example, though the mechanism is not yet understood, SP-B functions in the post-translational modification of SP-C, and mature SP-C is not formed without SP-B.[5]
SP-C assists in the functions of SP-B, and is most similar to SP-B of the three other surfactant proteins. It is smaller, only 35 amino acids long, and is found embedded in lipid structures much like SP-B.[5]
SP-A and SP-D, known together as collectins, are more distinct from SP-B than SP-C. They are hydrophilic, so they are found in the solution, and function in immune response instead of lipid arrangement and surface tension reduction.[20][19] SP-A is actually a name for two very similar proteins, SP-A1 and SP-A2.
Along with SP-A, B, C, and D, blood plasma proteins are found in very small quantities in surfactant as well.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000168878 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000056370 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b c d e f Wert SE, Whitsett JA, Nogee LM (2009). "Genetic disorders of surfactant dysfunction". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology. 12 (4): 253–74. doi:10.2350/09-01-0586.1. PMC 2987676. PMID 19220077.
- ^ a b c d Hawgood S, Derrick M, Poulain F (Nov 1998). "Structure and properties of surfactant protein B". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1408 (2–3): 150–60. doi:10.1016/S0925-4439(98)00064-7. PMID 9813296.
- ^ a b c EntrezGene 6439
- ^ Kattan AK, Bulagannawar PS, Malik IH (Oct 2004). "Congenital alveolar proteinosis". Saudi Medical Journal. 25 (10): 1474–7. PMID 15494826.
- ^ To KK, Zhou J, Song YQ, Hung IF, Ip WC, Cheng ZS, Chan AS, Kao RY, Wu AK, Chau S, Luk WK, Ip MS, Chan KH, Yuen KY (Jun 2014). "Surfactant protein B gene polymorphism is associated with severe influenza". Chest. 145 (6): 1237–43. doi:10.1378/chest.13-1651. PMID 24337193.
- ^ a b Agostoni P, Banfi C, Magrì D, Vignati C, Doria E, Salvioni E, Moliterni P, Marenzi G, Tremoli E, Sisillo E (Sep 2011). "Kinetics of plasma SPB and RAGE during mechanical ventilation in patients undergoing major vascular surgery". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 178 (2): 256–60. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.06.019. PMID 21736957. S2CID 30847636.
- ^ a b Simonato M, Baritussio A, Ori C, Vedovelli L, Rossi S, Dalla Massara L, Rizzi S, Carnielli VP, Cogo PE (2011). "Disaturated-phosphatidylcholine and surfactant protein-B turnover in human acute lung injury and in control patients". Respiratory Research. 12 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-12-36. PMC 3072954. PMID 21429235.
- ^ a b Weaver TE, Conkright JJ (2001). "Function of surfactant proteins B and C". Annual Review of Physiology. 63: 555–78. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.555. PMID 11181967.
- ^ Li JK (Feb 1986). "Comparative cardiac mechanics: Laplace's Law". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 118 (3): 339–43. Bibcode:1986JThBi.118..339K. doi:10.1016/S0022-5193(86)80064-9. PMID 3713216.
- ^ Schicht M, Knipping S, Hirt R, Beileke S, Sel S, Paulsen F, Bräuer L (Jan 2013). "Detection of surfactant proteins A, B, C, and D in human nasal mucosa and their regulation in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps". American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. 27 (1): 24–9. doi:10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3838. PMID 23406594. S2CID 34564655.
- ^ Sarker M, Rose J, McDonald M, Morrow MR, Booth V (Jan 2011). "Modifications to surfactant protein B structure and lipid interactions under respiratory distress conditions: consequences of tryptophan oxidation". Biochemistry. 50 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1021/bi101426s. PMID 21128671.
- ^ Cochrane CG, Revak SD (Oct 1991). "Pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B): structure-function relationships". Science. 254 (5031): 566–8. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..566C. doi:10.1126/science.1948032. PMID 1948032.
- ^ Saleem M, Meyer MC, Breitenstein D, Galla HJ (Feb 2008). "The surfactant peptide KL4 in lipid monolayers: phase behavior, topography, and chemical distribution". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (8): 5195–207. doi:10.1074/jbc.M705944200. PMID 18093983.
- ^ Nguyen AB, Rohatgi A, Garcia CK, Ayers CR, Das SR, Lakoski SG, Berry JD, Khera A, McGuire DK, de Lemos JA (Sep 2011). "Interactions between smoking, pulmonary surfactant protein B, and atherosclerosis in the general population: the Dallas Heart Study". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 31 (9): 2136–43. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.228692. PMC 3177606. PMID 21817103.
- ^ a b Silveyra P, Floros J (Dec 2013). "Genetic complexity of the human surfactant-associated proteins SP-A1 and SP-A2". Gene. 531 (2): 126–32. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.111. PMC 3570704. PMID 23069847.
- ^ a b Silveyra P, Floros J (2012). "Genetic variant associations of human SP-A and SP-D with acute and chronic lung injury". Frontiers in Bioscience. 17 (2): 407–29. doi:10.2741/3935. PMC 3635489. PMID 22201752.
- ^ Lyra PP, Diniz EM, Abe-Sandes K, Angelo AL, Machado TM, Cardeal M (Jan 2011). "Surfactant protein B gene polymorphism in preterm babies with respiratory distress syndrome". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 44 (1): 66–72. doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500147. PMID 21180884.
External links
edit- Pulmonary+Surfactant-Associated+Protein+B at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)