The Sangiric languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia and several small islands to the north which belong to the Philippines. They are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.[1]
| Sangiric | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | northern Sulawesi, Indonesia |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | sang1335 |
Classification
editThe following classification scheme is from James Sneddon (1984:57).[2]
The North Sangiric languages are spoken in the Sangir and Talaud archipelagos of Indonesia just north of Sulawesi, as well as the Sarangani Islands of the Philippines just south of Mindanao. The South Sangiric languages are spoken in scattered locations on the northern tip of Sulawesi. Bantik is spoken in the Manado region, while Ratahan is spoken just south of Lake Tondano.
Reconstruction
edit| Proto-Sangiric | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Sangiric languages |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
Proto-Sangiric (PSan) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1984).[2]
Phonology
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i | *u | |
| Mid | *e | *ə | *o |
| Open | *a |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | *p | *t | *k | *ʔ | |
| voiced | *b | *d | *g | |||
| Fricative | *s | |||||
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ŋ | |||
| Lateral | *l | |||||
| Approximant | *w | *y | *R | |||
The exact phonetic nature of *R is unclear. Its reflexes are Sangil [r], Sangir, Ratahan [h], Talaud [ʒ ~ k:], Bantik zero. Sneddon speculates that it may have been a coarticulated apical trill with velar friction, which is the usual realization of Sangil [r].
Later sound changes
editMany of these sound changes are noticeably similar to those of South Sulawesi languages, spoken on the opposite side of Sulawesi.
- Diphthongs *ey and *ow are still retained in Bantik and Ratahan, and have been monophthongized to e and o elsewhere.
- Coda simplification:
- All final stops *-p, *-t, *-k are still partially retained in Ratahan (but not *-t > -ʔ) and Talaud, but have been simplified to simple -ʔ elsewhere.
- Final nasals *-m, *-n and *-ŋ are still retained in Ratahan and Talaud, but have been simplified to -ŋ elsewhere.
- All other final consonants are subject to paragoge, see below.
- Paragoge:
- -əʔ in Sangir and Sangil;
- -Vʔ in Bantik (V represents echo vowel); and
- -a in Talaud (often preceded by gemination of consonants except ʔ).
- *uRas → urasəʔ : uhasaʔ : užasa (but geminated in *inum → inumma)
- Reflexes of *R:
- h in Bantik, Ratahan, and Sangir;
- r in Sangil; and
- k when word final or following *ə, and ž elsewhere in Talaud.
- Reflexes of *l;
- ḷ in Bantik in all positions, and in Sangil and Talaud when not word-final and following back vowels *a, *o, and *u (and before front vowels in Sangil);
- ∅ in Sangil between back vowels and back vowels; and following back vowels but word final (*V¹l#); and
- l elsewhere.
Vocabulary
editThe comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1984:61–114) illustrates the correspondences between the Sangiric languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Sangiric innovations.
| Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Talaud | Sangir | Sangil | Bantik | Ratahan | PSan | PAn | Meaning |
| biβikka | biβihəʔ | biβirəʔ | bíbihiʔ | βiβi | *bibiR | *bibiR | 'lip' |
| tallu | təlu | taw | tulu | tulú | *təlu | *təlu | 'three' |
| anumma | ənuŋ | nuŋ | nuŋ | num | *ənum | *ənəm | 'six' |
| manuʔa | manuʔ | manuʔ | manuʔ | manuk | *manuk | *manuk | 'fowl' |
| duʒi | duhi | duri | duhi | rui | *duRi | *duRi | 'bone' |
| paɭ̆adda | paɭ̆edəʔ | paɭ̆edəʔ | páledeʔ | paler | *paled | *palaj | 'palm, sole' |
| daɭ̆anna | daɭ̆eŋ | daɭ̆eŋ | daleŋ | ralen | *dalen | *zalan | 'road' |
| Sangiric innovations | |||||||
| Talaud | Sangir | Sangil | Bantik | Ratahan | PSan | PAn | Meaning |
| inassa | kinaʔ | kinaʔ | kínasaʔ | kinas | *kinas | (*Sikan) | 'fish' |
| deno | denoʔ | denoʔ | deno | reno | *deno | (*diRus) | 'bathe' |
| ʒodo | horo | roro | hodow | ʰorow | *Rodaw | (*Cazəm) | 'sharp' |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
- ^ a b Sneddon, James N. (1984). "Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric languages". Pacific Linguistics. Canberra. doi:10.15144/PL-B91.
External links
edit- Sangiric at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).