Priene (Ancient Greek: Πριήνη, romanized: Priēnē; Turkish: Prien) was an ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League) located at the base of an escarpment of Mycale, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of what was then the course of the Maeander River (now called the Büyük Menderes or "Big Maeander"). It was 67 kilometres (42 mi) from ancient Anthea, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from ancient Aneon and 25 kilometres (16 mi) from ancient Miletus. The city was built on the sea coast, overlooking the former Latmian Gulf of the Aegean. It was developed on steep slopes and terraces extending from sea level to a height of 380 metres (1,250 ft) above sea level at the top of the escarpment.[1] Because of siltation from the river filling the bay over several centuries, the city is now an inland site. It is located at a short distance west of the modern village Güllübahçe Turun in the Söke district of Aydın Province, Turkey.
Πριήνη (in Ancient Greek) Prien (in Turkish) | |
 The Temple of Athena, funded by Alexander the Great, at the foot of an escarpment of Mycale. The five columns were erected in 1965–66 from rubble and are 3 metres (9.8 ft) shorter of the calculated original column height. | |
  Shown within Turkey | |
| Alternative name | Sampson |
|---|---|
| Location | Güllübahçe, Söke, Aydın Province, Turkey |
| Region | Ionia |
| Coordinates | 37°39′35″N 27°17′52″E / 37.65972°N 27.29778°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| Area | 37 ha (91 acres) |
| History | |
| Builder | Theban colonists |
| Founded | Approximately 1000 BCE |
| Associated with | Bias, Pythius |
Priene is known to have been the site of high-quality Hellenistic art and architecture. The city's original position on Mount Mycale has never been discovered; however, it is believed that it was on a peninsula with two harbours. Priene never held a great deal of political importance due to the city's relatively limited size, as it is believed around four to five thousand inhabitants occupied the region. The city was arranged into four districts, firstly the political district, which consisted of the bouleuterion and the prytaneion; the cultural district containing the theatre; the commercial, where the agora was located; and finally the religious district, which contained sanctuaries dedicated to Zeus, Demeter and, most importantly, the Temple of Athena.
Geography edit
Earliest cities edit
The city visible on the slopes and escarpment of Mycale was constructed according to plan entirely during the 4th century BCE. The original Priene had been a port city situated at the then mouth of the Maeander River. This location caused insuperable environmental difficulties, due to slow aggradation of the riverbed and progradation in the direction of the Aegean Sea. Typically the harbour would silt over, so that residents were living in pest-ridden swamps and marshes.
The Maeander flows through a slowly subsiding rift valley, creating a drowned coastline. Human use of the previously forested slopes and valley removed trees and exposed soils to erosion. The sediments were progressively deposited in the trough at the mouth of the river, which migrated westward and more than compensated for the subsidence.
Physical remains of the original Priene have not yet been identified. It is believed they are likely to be buried under many feet of sediment. The top is now cultivated as valuable agricultural land. Knowledge of the average rate of progradation is the basis for estimating the location of the city, which was moved closer to the water again every few centuries in order to operate as a port.
The Greek city (there may have been unknown habitations of other ethnicities, as at Miletus) was founded by a colony from the ancient Greek city of Thebes in the vicinity of ancient Aneon at about 1000 BCE. At about 700 BCE a series of earthquakes were the catalyst to move the city to within 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of its 4th century BCE location. At about 500 BCE, the city moved again to the port of Naulochos.[2]
4th century BCE city edit
At about 350 BCE the Persian-empire satrap, Mausolus (a Carian), planned a magnificent new city on the steep slopes of Mycale. He hoped it could be a permanent deep-water port (similar to the many Greek island cities, located on and up seaside escarpments). Construction had begun when the Macedonians took the region from the Persian Empire, and Alexander the Great personally assumed responsibility for the development. He and Mausolus intended to make Priene a model city. Alexander offered to pay for construction of the Temple of Athena to designs of the noted architect Pytheos, if it would be dedicated by him, which it was, in 323 BCE. The dedicatory inscription is held by the British Museum.[3] The inscription translated to: "King Alexander dedicated the temple to Athena Polias".
The leading citizens were quick to follow suit: most of the public buildings were constructed at private expense and are inscribed with the names of the donors.
The ruins of the city are generally conceded to be the most spectacular surviving example of an entire ancient Greek city; it is intact except for the ravages of time. It has been studied since at least the 18th century. The city was constructed of marble from nearby quarries on Mycale, and wood for such items as roofs and floors. The public area is laid out in a grid pattern up the steep slopes, drained by a system of channels. The water distribution and sewer systems survive. Foundations, paved streets, stairways, partial door frames, monuments, walls, terraces can be seen everywhere among toppled columns and blocks. No wood has survived. The city extends upward to the base of an escarpment projecting from Mycale. A narrow path leads to the acropolis above.
Later years edit
Despite the expectations, Priene lasted only a few centuries as a deep-water port. In the 2nd century CE Pausanias reports that the Maeander already had silted over the inlet in which Myus stood, and that the population had abandoned it for Miletus.[4] While Miletus apparently still had an open port then, according to recent geoarchaeological research, Priene had already lost the port and open connection to the sea in about the 1st century BCE.[5] Its merchants likely had preceded most residents in relocation to Miletus. By 300 CE the entire Bay of Miletus, except for Lake Bafa, was silted in.
Today Miletus is many miles from the sea. Priene stands at the edge of a fertile plain, now a checkerboard of privately owned fields. A Greek village remained after the population decline. After the 12th century CE, more Turkish people moved into the area. In the 13th century CE Priene was known as "Sampson", in Greek, after the biblical hero Samson (Samsun Kale, "Samson's Castle" in Turkish). In 1204, Sabas Asidenos, a local magnate, established himself as the city's ruler, but soon had to recognize the rule of the Empire of Nicaea. The area remained under Byzantine control until the late 13th century.
By 1923, whatever Greek population remained was expelled in the population exchange between Greece and Turkey following World War I. Shortly after, the Turkish population moved to a more favourable location, which they called Güllü Bahçe ("rose garden"). The old Greek settlement, partly still in use, is today known as Gelebeç or Kelebeş. The tourist attraction of Priene is accessible from there.
Contemporary geography edit
Territory edit
In the 4th century BCE, Priene was a deep-water port with two harbours overlooking the Bay of Miletus[6] and, somewhat further east, the marshes of the Maeander Delta. Between the ocean and steep Mycale, agricultural resources were limited. Priene's territory likely included a part of the Maeander Valley, needed to support the city. Claiming much of Mycale, it had borders on the north with Ephesus and Thebes, a small state on Mycale.
Priene was a small city-state of 6000 persons living in a constrained space of only 15 hectares (37 acres). The walled area had an extent of 20 hectares (49 acres) to 37 hectares (91 acres). The population density of its residential district has been estimated at 166 persons per hectare, living in about 33 homes per hectare (13 per acre) arranged in compact city blocks.[7] The entire space within the walls offered not much more space and privacy: the density was 108 persons per hectare. All the public buildings were within walking distance, except that walking must have been an athletic event due to the vertical components of the distances.
Society edit
Priene was a wealthy city, as the plenitude of fine urban homes in marble and the private dedications of public buildings suggests. In addition, historical references to the interest of Mausolus and Alexander the Great indicate its standing. One third of the houses had indoor toilets, a rarity in this society. Typically cities had public banks of outdoor seats, side by side, an arrangement for which the flowing robes of the ancients were suitably functional. Indoor plumbing requires more extensive water supply and sewage systems. Priene's location was appropriate in that regard; they captured springs and streams on Mycale, brought the water in by aqueduct to cisterns, and piped or channeled from there to houses and fountains. Most Greek cities, such as Athens, required getting water from the public fountains (which was the work of domestic servants). The upper third of Prienean society had access to indoor water.
The source of Ionian wealth was maritime activity; Ionia had a reputation among the other Greeks for being luxurious. The intellectuals, such as Heraclitus, often railed against their practices.
Government edit
Although the stereotyped equation of wealth with aristocracy may have applied early in Priene's history, in the 4th century BCE the city-state was a democracy. State authority resided in a body called the Πριηνείς (Priēneis), "the Prieneian people", who issued all decrees and other public documents in their name. The coins minted at Priene featured the helmeted head of Athena on the obverse and a meander pattern on the reverse; one coin also displayed a dolphin and the legend ΠΡΙΗ for ΠΡΙΗΝΕΩΝ (Priēneōn), "of the Prieneians."[8] These symbols express the Prieneians identification as a maritime democracy aligned with Athens but located in Asia.
The mechanism of democracy was similar to but simpler than that of the Athenians (whose population was much larger.) An assembly of citizens met periodically to render major decisions placed before them. The day-to-day legislative and executive business was conducted by a boulē, or city council, which met in a bouleuterion, a space like a small theatre with a wooden roof. The official head of state was a prytane. He and more specialized magistrates were elected periodically. As at Athens, not all the population was franchised. For example, the property rights and tax responsibilities of a non-Prieneian section of the population living in the countryside, the pedieis, "plainsmen", were defined by law. They were perhaps, an inheritance from the days when Priene was in the valley.
History edit
Priene was said to have been first settled by Ionians under Aegyptus, a son of Belus and grandson of King Codrus, in the 11th century BCE. After successive attacks by Cimmerians, Lydians under Ardys, and Persians, it survived and prospered under the direction of its "sage," Bias, during the middle of the 6th century BCE.[1] Cyrus captured it in 545 BCE; but it was able to send twelve ships to join the Ionic Revolt (499 BCE-494 BCE).
Priene was a member of the Athenian-dominated Delian League in the 5th century BCE. In 387 BCE it came under Persian dominance again, which lasted until Alexander the Great's conquest.[9] Disputes with Samos, and the troubles after Alexander's death, brought Priene low. Rome had to save it from the kings of Pergamon and Cappadocia in 155.
Orophernes, the rebellious brother of the Cappadocian king, who had deposited a treasure there and recovered it by Roman intervention, restored the Temple of Athena as a thank-offering. Under Roman and Byzantine dominion Priene had a prosperous history. It passed into Muslim hands late in the 13th century.[10]
Archaeological excavations and current state edit
The ruins, which fell on the successive terraces where they were built, were the object of investigatory missions sent out by the English Society of Dilettanti in 1765 and 1868. They were excavated by Theodor Wiegand (1895–1899) for the Berlin Museum.
The city, as developed at this site that was new in the 4th century, was found to have been laid out on a rectangular scheme. The steep area faces south, the acropolis rising nearly 200 metres (660 ft) behind it. The city was enclosed by a wall 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) thick, with towers at intervals and three principal gates.
On the lower slopes of the acropolis was a sanctuary of Demeter. The town had six main streets, about 6 metres (20 ft) wide, running east and west, and fifteen streets about 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide crossing at right angles, all being evenly spaced. It was thus divided into about 80 insulae. Private houses were apportioned eight to an insula. The systems of water-supply and drainage are still visible. The houses present many analogies with the earliest ones of Pompeii.
In the western half of the city, on a high terrace north of the main street and approached by a fine stairway, was the temple of Athena Polias. It was a hexastyle peripteral structure in the Ionic order built by Pytheos, the architect of the Mausoleum of Maussollos at Halikarnassos, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. In 1870, silver tetradrachms of Orophernes, and some jewellery were found in excavations under the base of the statue of Athena. These were probably deposited at the time of the Cappadocian restoration.
An ancient Priene Synagogue, with carved images of the menorah, has also been discovered.[11]
Around the agora, the main square crossed by the main street, is a series of halls. The municipal buildings, buleuterion and prytaneion, lie north of the agora. Further to the north is the Upper Gymnasium with Roman baths, and the well-preserved Hellenistic theatre. These and most other public structures are at the centre of the plan. Temples of Asclepius and the Egyptian gods Isis, Serapis and Anubis, have been revealed. At the lowest point on the south, within the walls, was the large stadium. In Hellenistic times, it was connected with a gymnasium.[12]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ a b Grant, Michael (1986). A Guide to the Ancient World. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. pp. 523–524. ISBN 0-7607-4134-4.
- ^ Crouch (2004) pages 199-200.
- ^ British Museum Highlights
- ^ Description of Greece Book 7 Section 2.11.
- ^ Marc Müllenhoff Geoarchäologische, sedimentologische und morphodynamische Untersuchungen im Mündungsgebiet des Büyük Menderes (Mäander), Westtürkei Marburg/Lahn 2005
- ^ This article uses this term in preference to the Gulf of Latmus, which remains as Lake Bafa. In ancient times they were continuous.
- ^ Hansen (2004), pages 14–16, estimates the walled area as 1.33 to 2 times a measured habitation area of 15 hectares (37 acres). Rubinstein (2004), pages 1091–1093, gives a slightly larger measure of the walled area: 37 hectares (91 acres). Hansen (2004), pages 14–16, estimates 8 persons per house for 500 counted houses and a ratio of 2:1 of urban over rural.
- ^ Rubinstein (2004), pages 1091–1093.
- ^ Pétridès, Sophron (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Priene". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Nadin Burkhardt, Mark Wilson, "The Late Antique Synagogue in Priene: Its History, Architecture, and Context", Gephyra 10 (2013), pp.166-196
- ^ Rumscheid, Frank (1998). Priene: A Guide to the Pompeii of Asia Minor. Turkey: Ege Yayınları. ISBN 975-8070-16-9.
References edit
- Crouch, Dora P. (2004). Geology and Settlement: Greco-Roman Patterns. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508324-5.
- Hansen, Mogens Herman (2004). "The Concept of the Consumption City Applied to the Greek Polis". In Nielsen, Thomas Heine (ed.). Once again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis: Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 7. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-08438-X.
- Rubinstein, Lene (2004). "Ionia". In Hansen, Mogens Herman; Nielsen, Thomas Heine (eds.). An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by the Danish National Research Foundation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814099-1.
Further reading edit
- Dontas, Nikos A. (2000). Priene (1. ed.). Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. ISBN 978-960-7957-07-8.
- Ferla, Kleopatra; Graf, Fritz; Sideris, Athanasios, eds. (2005). Priene (2nd ed.). Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. ISBN 0674012720.
- Raeck, Wulf; Filges, Axel; Mert, Ibrahim Hakan, eds. (2020). Priene von der Spätklassik bis zum Mittelalter Ergebnisse und Perspektiven der Forschungen seit 1998. Bonn: Habelt. ISBN 978-3-7749-4237-0.
- Thonemann, Peter (2018). "Priene". The Hellenistic age : a very short introduction. Oxford, United Kingdom. ISBN 9780198746041.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Archaeology edit
- Carter, Joseph Coleman (1983). The sculpture of the sanctuary of Athena Polias at Priene. [London]: Society of Antiquaries of London in association with British Museum Publications. ISBN 0500990387.
- Fildhuth, Jesko (2017). "Priene". The archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia : from the end of late antiquity until the coming of the Turks. New York, NY. ISBN 9780190610463.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Raeder, Joachim (1984). Priene, Funde aus einer griechischen Stadt im Berliner Antikenmuseum. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. ISBN 978-3-7861-1401-7.
- Schede, Martin (2019). Die Ruinen von Priene (2 ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-151750-6.
- Schumacher, Anne (2007). Priene : die Restaurierung des Theaters 1992-1998. Mainz: Zabern. ISBN 978-3-8053-3744-1.
Epigraphy edit
- Society of Dilettanti, Ionian Antiquities (1821), vol. ii.
- Th. Wiegand and H. Schrader, Priene (1904)
- Hiller von Gaertringen, Inschriften von Priene (Berlin, 1907), with collection of ancient references to the city
- Blümel, Wolfgang; Merkelbach, Reinhold; Rumscheid, Frank (2014). Die Inschriften von PrieneÖ Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, Bd. 69. Bonn: DrRudolf Habelt GmbH. ISBN 978-3-7749-3476-4.
History edit
- Bielfeldt, R. (2012). "Polis made manifest: the physiognomy of the public in the Hellenistic city with a case study on the agora in Priene". In Kuhn, Christina (ed.). Politische Kommunikation und öffentliche Meinung in der antiken Welt. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 87–122. ISBN 978-3-515-10076-2.
- Raeck, Wulf (1995). "Der mehrfache Apollodoros. Zur Präsenz des Bürgers im hellenistischen Stadtbild am Beispiel von Priene". In Wörrle, Michael; Zanker, Paul (eds.). Stadtbild und Bürgerbild im Hellenismus : Kolloquium, München, 24. bis 26. Juni 1993. München: Beck. pp. 231–240. ISBN 978-3-406-39036-4.
- Thonemann, Peter (2013). "Alexander, Priene, and Naulochon". In Martzavou, Paraskevi; Papazarkadas, Nikolaos (eds.). Epigraphical approaches to the post-classical Polis : fourth century BC to second century AD (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–36. ISBN 978-0-19-965214-3.
External links edit
- Livius Picture Archive: Priene
- Priene and Miletus İnformation
- Priene Miletus and Didyma images
- Many pictures of the ancient city of Priene
- The Theatre at Priene, The Ancient Theatre Archive. Theatre specifications and virtual reality tour of theatre
- Herodotus Project: Extensive B+W photo essay of Priene
- Priene information guide and photos
- Hellenistic inscriptions of Priene, in English translation
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.