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A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects[disambiguation needed], regions, and themes. Many maps are static two-dimensional, geometrically accurate representations of three-dimensional space, while others are dynamic or interactive, even three-dimensional. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or imagined, without regard to context or scale.

A world map is a map of the surface of the Earth, which may be made using any of a number of different map projections. Maps of the world are often either 'political' or 'physical'. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial borders; the purpose of the physical is to show features of geography such as mountains, soil type or land use. Geological maps show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, fault lines, and subsurface structures. Topographical maps show constant values such as elevation, temperature or rainfall often represented in the form of contour lines. A nautical chart is a graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions. A thematic map displays the spatial pattern of a theme or series of attributes, such as population density, health issues, language or climate. Star cartography is the branch of astronomy concerned with mapping the stars, galaxies, and a multitude of other celestial bodies.

World map

Reversed map
Reversed map
Credit: Henry Bottomley
A reversed map, challenging the tradition of north as "up".

Geographic map

Yellowstone's calderas
Yellowstone's calderas
Credit: USGS
Yellowstone National Park sits on top of three overlapping calderas.

Political map

The Aztec Empire before the Spanish conquest
The Aztec Empire before the Spanish conquest
Credit: Madman2001
The Aztec Empire as it stood shortly before the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

Thematic map

USDA hardiness zones in North America
USDA hardiness zones in North America
Credit: USDA

Nautical map

The Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico
Credit: NOAA
The Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective using a GIS.

Historical map

World map from the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
World map from the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
Credit: Abraham Ortelius
World map from the first modern atlas by Ortelius - Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1570

Associated Wikimedia

The following Wikimedia Foundation sister projects provide more on this subject: