Political lesbianism is a phenomenon within feminism, primarily second-wave feminism and radical feminism; it includes, but is not limited to, lesbian separatism. Political lesbianism asserts that sexual orientation is a political and feminist choice, and advocates lesbianism as a positive alternative to heterosexuality for women[1] as part of the struggle against sexism.[2]
History
editPolitical lesbianism originated in the late 1960s among "second-wave" radical feminists as a way to fight sexism and compulsory heterosexuality. Sheila Jeffreys helped to develop the concept when she co-wrote in 1981 "Love Your Enemy? The Debate Between Heterosexual Feminism and Political Lesbianism"[3] with the Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group. They argued that women should abandon support of heterosexuality and stop sleeping with men, while encouraging women to rid men "from your beds and your heads".[4] While the main idea of political lesbianism is to be separate from men, this does not necessarily mean that political lesbians are required to have sex with women.[5] According to the Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group, the definition of a political lesbian is "a woman-identified woman who does not fuck men". They proclaimed men the enemy and women who were in relationships with them collaborators and complicit in their own oppression.[5] Heterosexual behavior is seen as the basic unit of the patriarchy's political structure, and therefore lesbians who reject heterosexual behavior are disrupting the established political system.[6]
Ti-Grace Atkinson, a radical feminist who helped to found the group The Feminists, is credited with the phrase that came to embody the movement: "Feminism is the theory; lesbianism is the practice."[7][8]
Shared interest
editFeminism provided a platform for some women to come out of a perceived suffocating shell of heterosexual norms, traditional sexuality, marriage and family life, a life viewed by some feminists as one of hard labor with little consideration and a system that subordinates women. By coming out of dominating heterosexual relationships, women are given an opportunity to declare themselves as lesbians with shared interests. As a result, feminism would be able to provide an environment in which lesbianism was not focused on personal pain or anguish, but was instead framed as an important political issue.[9]
In a broad sense, political lesbianism entails the political identification of women with other women; it encompasses a role beyond sexuality and supports eschewing forming relationships with men. It is partly based on the idea that women sharing and promoting a common interest creates a positive and needed energy which is necessary to enhance and elevate the role of women in the society, a development which will be curtailed by the institutions of heterosexuality and sexism if women choose the traditional norms.[5][2]
Though there has historically been discrimination against lesbians within the feminist movement, the movement still ended up providing a needed political platform for them. In its wake, it also expanded and introduced divergent views of sexuality.[10]
Lesbian separatism
editSeparatist feminism is a form of radical feminism that holds that opposition to patriarchy is best done through focusing exclusively on women and girls.[11] Generally, separatist feminists do not believe that men can make positive contributions to the feminist movement, and that even well-intentioned men replicate the dynamics of patriarchy.[12] In a similar vein, lesbian separatism advocated for the separation of lesbian women from what they characterize as a heterosexist, sexist society.[13][14]
Charlotte Bunch, an early member of The Furies Collective, viewed lesbian separatism as a strategy, a "first step" period, or temporary withdrawal from mainstream activism to accomplish specific goals or enhance personal growth.[15] Members of The Furies Collective recommended that lesbian separatists relate "only (with) women who cut their ties to male privilege"[16] and suggest that "as long as women still benefit from heterosexuality, receive its privileges and security, they will at some point have to betray their sisters, especially Lesbian sisters who do not receive those benefits".[16]
Criticism
editSome feminist theory on sexuality evaded biological fixation and embraced social construction as the basis of sexuality. However, this idea posed further questions on the subject of sexuality and lesbianism, and the long term sustainability of a purely lesbian society without men or children. If sexuality could be a construction of human nature, then little room is given to understanding the nature of the historical formation of human nature, especially, if the historical nature of man or woman enhanced heterosexuality.[10]
A lack of theoretical clarity of lesbianism and sexuality becomes more profound as sexuality is viewed as much more than choice.[17][18] Also, if lesbianism becomes a social institution, the avenue for a dominant persona in the relationships may also pose challenge to the original intention of political lesbianism.
According to A Dictionary of Gender Studies, some lesbians who believed themselves to be 'born that way' considered political lesbians or those who believe lesbianism is a choice based on institutionalized heterosexuality were appropriating the term 'lesbian' and not experiencing or speaking out against the oppression that those women experience.[19] Additionally, some feminists argue that "political lesbianism," which reduces lesbianism as a political choice to reject men and the penises, overlooks the deeply personal nature of lesbianism as an expression of attraction between women and erases the experiences of trans women and their lesbian partners. [20]
See also
edit
- Proponents
References
edit- ^ Bindel, Julie (27 March 2004). "Location, location, orientation". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2024-07-30.
- ^ a b Krebs, Paula. "Lesbianism as a Political Strategy" (Document). Off Our Backs 17.6. ProQuest 197156630.
- ^ Jeffreys, Sheila. "Love Your Enemy? The Debate Between Heterosexual Feminism and Political Lesbianism" – via Google Docs.
- ^ Bindel, Julie (30 January 2009). "My sexual revolution". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2023-10-21. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
- ^ a b c "Political Lesbianism: The Case Against Heterosexuality". Love your enemy?: The debate between heterosexual feminism and political lesbianism (PDF). London: Onlywomen Press. 1981. p. 5. ISBN 0906500087.
We do think that all feminists can and should be political lesbians. Our definition of a political lesbian is a woman-identified woman who does not fuck men. It does not mean compulsory sexual activity with women.
- ^ Bunch, Charlotte. "Lesbians in Revolt". The Furies: Lesbian/Feminist Monthly. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ Koedt, Anne. "Lesbianism and Feminism". The CWLU Herstory Website - Archive. Archived from the original on 2015-04-29.
- ^ "Feminism is the theory, lesbianism is the practice." (Chicago Women's Liberation Union pamphlet, Lesbianism and Feminism, 1971; Stevi Jackson, Sue Scott, Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader, Columbia University Press, 1996, p. 282)
- ^ Krebs, Paula M. (1987). "Lesbianism as a Political Strategy". Off Our Backs. 17 (6). ProQuest 197156630 – via ProQuest.
- ^ a b Ramazanoglu; Routledge, Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression, Routledge, 1989. pp 84–86
- ^ Christine Skelton, Becky Francis, Feminism and the Schooling Scandal, Taylor & Francis, 2009 ISBN 0-415-45510-3, ISBN 978-0-415-45510-7 p. 104.
- ^ Sarah Hoagland, Lesbian Ethics: toward new value, p. 60, 154, 294.
- ^ "Lesbian Feminism, 1960s and 1970s · Lesbians in the Twentieth Century, 1900-1999, by Esther Newton and Her Students · OutHistory". outhistory.org. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
- ^ Sandilands, Catriona (2002). "Lesbian Separatist Communities and the Experience of Nature: Toward a Queer Ecology". Organization & Environment. 15 (2): 131–163. doi:10.1177/10826602015002002. ISSN 1086-0266.
- ^ Davis, Flora. Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960, University of Illinois Press, 1999, ISBN 0-252-06782-7, p271
- ^ a b Bunch, Charlotte/The Furies Collective, "Lesbians in Revolt", in The Furies: Lesbian/Feminist Monthly, vol. 1, January 1972, pp.8–9
- ^ "Answers to Your Questions For a Better Understanding of sexual orientation & Homosexuality". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ^ "Psychiatry and LGB People". Improving the lives of people with mental illness. Royal College of Psychiatrists. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
- ^ Griffin, Gabriele (2017). A Dictionary of Gender Studies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191834837.
- ^ Stephanie Farnsworth (2016-01-30). "Being a lesbian is not a political choice". The Queerness. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
Further reading
edit- Allison, Ruth (1967). "Lesbian by choice". Lesbianism: Its Secrets and Practices. Los Angeles: Medco Books. OCLC 7965371.
- Baderoon, Gabeba (December 2015). Jain, Andrea R. (ed.). ""I Compose Myself": Lesbian Muslim Autobiographies and the Craft of Self-Writing in South Africa". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 83 (4). Oxford: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion: 897–915. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfv075. eISSN 1477-4585. ISSN 0002-7189. JSTOR 43900142. LCCN sc76000837. OCLC 1479270.
- Barnes, J.J. (July 8, 2017). "Lesbianism is under attack, though not by the usual suspects". Feminist Current. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
- Gottschalk, Lorene (1999). Genderations of Women Choosing to Become Lesbian: Questioning the Essentialist Link. [S.I. : s.n.] OCLC 320880086.
- Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group; Onlywomen Press (1981). "Afterwords From Leeds Revolutionary Feminists". Love Your Enemy? The Debate Between Heterosexual Feminism and Political Lesbianism. London: Onlywomen Press. p. 66. ISBN 0906500087.
- Kitzinger, Celia; Wilkinson, Sue (1987). The Social Construction of Lesbianism. London; Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications. ISBN 0-8039-8116-3. OCLC 18388282.
- Morris, Bonnie J. (2016). The Disappearing L: Erasure of Lesbian Spaces and Culture (1st ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6177-9.
- Rich, Adrienne (1986). "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (1980)". Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979-1985. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-393-31162-4. (Originally published in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Summer 1980, 5, no. 4, pp. 631–660.)
- Robertson, Michelle (1984). The Politics of Sexual Identity: The Case of Political Lesbianism. Nathan, Qld.: Griffith University. OCLC 222860038.
- Thompson, Denise (1991). Reading Between the Lines: a Lesbian Feminist Critique of Feminist Accounts of Sexuality. Chicago: Spinifex Press. ISBN 978-1-74219-457-8. OCLC 782877206.