A Polish Enigma "double" was a machine produced by the Polish Cipher Bureau that replicated the German Enigma rotor cipher machine. The Enigma double was one result of Marian Rejewski's remarkable achievement of determining the wirings of the Enigma's rotors and reflectors.[1]
First Polish double edit
The Polish Cipher Bureau realized that the Germans were using a new cipher. The Germans had mistakenly shipped a cipher machine to Poland; their attempts to recover the shipment raised the suspicions of Polish customs, and the Cipher Bureau learned that the Germans were using Enigma machines.[2][3][4][5] The Bureau purchased a commercial Enigma and attempted, but failed, to break the cipher.
In December 1932 the Cipher Bureau tasked Marian Rejewski with reconstructing the Enigma machine. A French spy had obtained some material about the Enigma, and the French had provided the material to the Polish Cipher Bureau. By then, for the purposes of the German military, the original commercial Enigma had been equipped with a plugboard. Rejewski made rapid progress and was able to determine the wirings of the military Enigma. The Bureau modified its commercial Enigma rotors, reflector, and internal wiring to match the military Enigma's.
The Cipher Bureau's commercial Enigma did not have a plugboard, but the plugboard could be simulated by relabeling the keys and lamps.[6] The result was the first Polish Enigma double.
AVA-made doubles edit
In February 1933, the Polish Cipher Bureau ordered fifteen "doubles" of the military Enigma machine from the AVA Radio Manufacturing Company, in Warsaw.[7] Ultimately, about seventy such functional replicas were produced.
Gift to Poland's Allies edit
In August 1939, following a tripartite meeting of Polish, French, and British cryptologists at Warsaw on 25–26 July 1939 – during which the Poles had explained all their Enigma-decryption methods and equipment – two Enigma replicas were passed to Poland's allies, one sent to Paris and one to London.[8]
Earlier, German military Enigma traffic had totally defeated the French and British, and they had faced the prospect of being unable to read German communications during the coming war.
Polish doubles assembled in France edit
After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 and key Polish Polish Cipher Bureau personnel had been evacuated to France, the Cipher Bureau resumed its interrupted work at PC Bruno outside Paris. The Poles had only three replica Enigmas to work with,[9] two secretly taken out of Poland during the evacuation, and the one that had been sent to France after the July 1939 Warsaw conference, and these were wearing out from round-the-clock use.
French Army intelligence officer Gustave Bertrand ordered parts for forty machines from a French precision-mechanics firm. Manufacture proceeded sluggishly, however, and it was only after the fall of France and the opening of underground work in southern France's Free Zone in October 1940 that four machines were finally assembled.[10]
See also edit
- Saxon Palace (in Polish, Pałac Saski), in Warsaw, where German Enigma ciphers were first broken in December 1932.
Notes edit
- ^ Woytak, "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski," pp. 53–55.
- ^ Rejewski, Marian (July 1981), "How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma" (PDF), IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 3 (3), IEEE: 213–234, doi:10.1109/mahc.1981.10033, S2CID 15748167, p. 213. says incident was end of 1927 or beginning of 1928. Enigma traffic appeared 15 July 1928.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2000), Enigma: The Battle for the Code, John Wiley, p. 21, ISBN 0-471-40738-0,
On the last Saturday in January 1929 an alert customs officer working in Warsaw had been about to process a heavy box when his suspicions were aroused by a request from the German Embassy. Apparently the box had been sent to Poland by mistake and a German Embassy official was requesting that it should be returned to Germany immediately. When the box was opened, an Enigma machine was found inside. The Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau quickly called in two engineers to examine it.
. This date is one year later than Rejewski's date. This reference also has the Polish Cipher Bureau receiving technical details of the Enigma from the French in December 1931 and September 1932. - ^ Enigma, http://www.polandinexile.com/enigmaenglish.html
- ^ Gordon, Don E. (1981), Electronic Warfare: Element of Strategy and Multiplier of Combat Power, Pergamon, p. 36, ISBN 978-1483208824
- ^ Kozaczuk 1984
- ^ Kozaczuk 1984, p. 25
- ^ Kozaczuk 1984, pp. 59–60
- ^ Kozaczuk 1984, p. 83
- ^ Kozaczuk 1984, pp. 84–85
References edit
- Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2005). "The Unknown Victors". Marian Rejewski, 1905-1980: Living with the Enigma Secret. Bydgoszcz: Bydgoszcz City Council. pp. 15–18. ISBN 83-7208-117-4. OCLC 62701914.
- Kozaczuk, Władysław (1984). Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two. Foreign intelligence book series. edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek. Frederick, Maryland: University Publications of America. ISBN 0-89093-547-5. OCLC 9826775.
- Woytak, Richard A. (January 1982). "A Conversation with Marian Rejewski". Cryptologia. 6 (1). transcribed and translated by Christopher Kasparek: 50–60. doi:10.1080/0161-118291856830.
External links edit
- Slawo Wesolkowski, "The Invention of Enigma and How the Polish Broke It Before the Start of WWII"
- http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/hist.htm has picture of Enigma double (http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/enigma/polish/img/polish_enigma_1.jpg)
- http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/virtualbp/poles/poles.htm has picture of Enigma double
