In Greek mythology, Pleisthenes or Plisthenes (Ancient Greek: Πλεισθένης),[1] is the name of several members of the house of Tantalus, the most important being a son of Atreus, said to be the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus. Although these two brothers are usually considered to be the sons of Atreus himself, according to some accounts, Pleisthenes was their father, but he died, and Agamemnon and Menelaus were adopted by their grandfather Atreus.[2]
Father of Agamemnon and Menelaus
editThe Pleisthenes who was said to have been the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus is a puzzling figure, with a confused genealogy, complicated by the existence of other members of the house of Tantalus with the same name.[3] According to the usual version of the story, followed by the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, Atreus, the king of Mycenae was the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus, by Aerope, the daughter of the Cretan king Catreus.[4] However, according to another tradition, Pleisthenes, the son of Atreus (or Pelops?) was the father, probably by Aerope, of Agamemnon and Menelaus,[5] although some accounts have the mother as Cleolla[6] or Eriphyle.[7]
According to varying accounts, Pleisthenes' wife was Aerope, who he had received from the mariner hero Nauplius. Aerope's father Catreus, either because, he found her in bed with a slave, or because of an oracle which said that one of his children would kill him, gave Aerope to Nauplius, to be either drowned, or sold as a slave. However, in both versions of the story, Nauplius spared Aerope and gave her to Pleisthenes.
According to this tradition, apparently, Pleisthenes died young, and Agamemnon and Menelaus were raised by their grandfather Atreus. Such accounts were perhaps attempts to reconcile contradictory traditions.[8]
Other Pleisthenes
editThere were apparently other members of the house of Tantalus also named Pleisthenes:
- Pleisthenes, the son of Pelops. Some scholars have equated this Pleisthenes with the Pleisthenes who was the father of Agamenmnon and Menelaus.[9]
- Pleisthenes, along with his brother Tantalus, were the infant sons of Thyestes and Aerope, who Atreus killed and served to Thyestes at a banquet.[10]
- Pleisthenes, the son of Menealus, taken to Helen with her to Cypris.[11]
Sources
editIn Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Pleisthenes is nowhere mentioned, and Agamemnon and Menelaus were the sons of Atreus[12] However, from ancient commentators on the Iliad we are told of another tradition, followed by Hesiod, Aeschylus, Porphyry, and "others", in which Pleisthenes was the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus.[13] An Iliad scholium says that, according to Hesiod, Agamemnon was the son of Pleisthenes and Aerope.[14] Another Iliad scholium, citing Porphyry and "many others", says that Pleisthenes fathered Agamemnon and Menelaus, did nothing of note, and died young, with Atreus raising his sons.[15]
Neither, of these Iliad scholia say who Pleisthenes' parents were, but Tzetzes' in his commentary on the Iliad, says that his father was Atreus and that, rather than being his wife, Aerope was his mother:[16]
- According to Hesiod, Aeschylus, and some others, Pleisthenes was the son of Atreus and Aerope, and the children of Pleisthenes and Dias’ daughter Cleolla were Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Anaxibia. Because Pleisthenes died young, they were brought up by their grandfather Atreus, and so they are considered by many to be Atreids.[17]
In a scholium on Euripides' Orestes (which has sometimes been attributed to Hellanicus), Pleisthenes is again the son of Atreus, and the father of Agamemnon, Menelaus and Anaxibia, but Cleolla, rather than being Pleisthenes' wife, is his mother, and his wife is the otherwise unknown Eriphyle.[18]
The patronymic "Pleisthenides" occurs in several ancient sources. Stesichorus uses it twice, probably referring to Menelaus, in one fragment (209 PMG), and Agamemnon, in another (219 PMG).[19] Ibycus refers to Agamemnon as "the king Pleisthenides, leader of men, son of noble father Atreus" (282 PMG), which would seemingly make some Pleisthenes an ancestor of Atreus.[20] Bacchylides, in the same poem, refers to Menelaus as both "Atreides" and "Pleisthenides".[21] Aeschylus's Agamemnon, refers to Agamemnon's family as the Pleisthenidae ("house of Pleisthenes"),[22] and the "race of Pleisthenes",[23] although exactly which branch of Agamemnon's family is meant is unclear.[24]
Pleisthenes was also the subject of Euripides's lost tragedy, Pleisthenes.[25] A possible plot for the play is found in Hyginus, Fabulae 86:[26]
- Because Thyestes, son of Pelops and Hippodamia, lay with Aëropa, Atreus’ wife, he was banished from the kingdom by his brother Atreus. But he sent Atreus’ son, Plisthenes, whom he had reared as his own, to Atreus to be killed. Atreus, believing him to be his brother’s son, unknowingly killed his own son.[27]
The mythographer Apollodorus gives an account of how Aerope came to be Pliesthenes' wife:
- And Catreus gave Aerope and Clymene to Nauplius to sell into foreign lands; and of these two Aerope became the wife of Plisthenes, who begat Agamemnon and Menelaus;[28]
However, elsewhere he has Aerope as the wife of Atreus,[29] and Agamemnon and Menelaus as the sons of her and Atreus,[30]
Scholia to Pindar's Olympian 1 mention a son, or bastard son, of Pelops, named Pleisthenes, which some scholars have identified with the Pleisthenes who was the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus.[31]
Notes
edit- ^ Grimal, s.v. Pleisthenes.
- ^ Grimal, pp. 271, 549, 552–556; Collard and Cropp 2008b, pp. 79–80; Hard, p. 508; Tripp, s.v. Pleisthenes; Grimal, s.v. Pleisthenes; Parada, s.v. Plisthenes 1; Smith, s.v. Pleisthenes. For a discussion of the house of Tantalus see Gantz, pp. 531–556. For genealogies of the house of Tantalus see Hard, p. 708, Table 15; Grimal, p. 526.
- ^ Gantz, p. 552 describes him as the "most perplexing member of the house of Tantalus"; Sommerstein, p. 191 n. 327 says that "Pleisthenes is a shadowy name in the family to which Agamemnon belongs, found at several different points in its genealogy". Fowler also calls him "shadowy" (p. 435), and, while discussing the descendants of Pelops, says: "Genealogically, matters are complicated by the unknown position of the baffling Pleisthenes" (p. 439). See also Hard, p. 355 ("obscure"), p. 508 ("shadowy"), Collard and Cropp 2008b, p. 79 ("obscure"). Tripp, s.v. Pleisthenes, says that the conflicting versions regarding the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus "seemed to have confused ancient writers".
- ^ Grimal, s.v. Menelaus; Hard, pp. 355, 507, 508; Collard and Cropp 2008a, p. 517; Gantz, p. 552; Parada, s.v. Agamemnon; Euripides, Helen 390–392, Orestes 16; Hyginus, Fabulae 97; Apollodorus, E.3.12; Scholia on Iliad 1.7 (citing "Homer" = Hesiod Catalogue of Women fr. 137a Most) and Scholia on Tzetzes' Exegesis in Iliadem 1.122 (citing "Homer" = Hesiod Catalogue of Women fr. 137c Most). They are also the sons of Atreus, in the Iliad and Odyssey, see for example Iliad 11.131, Odyssey 4.462, although Aerope is not mentioned (see Gantz, p. 522). See also Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 4–5, (Atreus as father, no mention of mother); Hesiod Catalogue of Women fr. 138 Most [= fr. 195 MW], and Sophocles, Ajax 1295–1297 (Aerope as mother, no mention of father).
- ^ Hard, pp. 355, 508; Collard and Cropp 2008a, p. 517; Collard and Cropp 2008b, p. 79; Gantz, pp. 552–553; Scholia on Iliad 1.7 (citing "Hesiod" = Hesiod Catalogue of Women fr. 137a Most) and Scholia on Tzetzes' Exegesis in Iliadem 1.122 (citing "Hesiod" = Hesiod Catalogue of Women fr. 137c Most); Apollodorus, 3.2.2; Dictys Cretensis, 1.1. Some scholars (see for example Grimal, s.v. Pleisthenes) have equated this Pleisthenes with the Pleisthenes who was said to be a son of Pelops, and so a brother of Atreus, see Gantz, p. 554.
- ^ Gantz, p. 552; Grimal, s.v. Pleisthenes; Tzetzes, Exegesis in Iliadem 1.122 (citing "Hesiod, Aeschylus, and some others" = Hesiod Catalogue of Women fr. 137b Most).
- ^ Gantz, p. 553 (citing Scholia on Euripides Orestes 4).
- ^ Collard and Cropp 2008b, pp. 79–80; Fowler, p. 435 n. 28; Grimal, s.vv. Pleisthenes, Aerope.
- ^ Gantz, pp. 544, 554; Collard and Cropp 2008b, p. 79 n. 1; Grimal s.v. Pleisthenes.
- ^ Gantz, pp. 547, 548; Collard and Cropp 2008b, p. 79 n. 1; Parada, s.v. Plisthenes 2; Smith, s.v. Pleisthenes; Hyginus Fabulae 88, 246; Seneca, Thyestes, 726. Grimal, s.v. Pleithenes says this story is "probably based upon a misconception."
- ^ This is according to a Cypria fragment, see Gantz, pp. 322 (which says that "the implication of our scholiast source [for this fragment] is that this child was in lieu of Nikostratos"), 572 (taken to Cypris), 573 (which says this Pleisthenes "seems nowhere else mentioned"); Collar and Cropp 2008b, p. 79 n. 1.
- ^ Gantz, p. 552; Armstrong, p. 12, with n. 39. Although Atreides, the standard Homeric epithet for Agamemnon or Menelaus, normally understood to mean "son of Atreus", can simply mean "descendant of Atreus", in some places Homer specifically refers to Agamemnon or Menelaus as a son of Atreus ("Ἀτρέος υἱέ") e.g. Iliad 11.131, Odyssey 4.462, see also Iliad 2.104 ff..
- ^ For a detailed discussion of Pleisthenes, see Gantz, pp. 552–556.
- ^ Gantz, p. 552; Scholia on Iliad 1.7 (= Hesiod fr. 137a Most).
- ^ Gantz, p. 552 (citing Scholia A to Iliad 2.249).
- ^ Gantz, p. 552.
- ^ Tzetzes, Exegesis in Iliadem 1.122 [= Hesiod fr. 137b Most).
- ^ Fowler, p. 435; Gantz, p. 553; Scholia to Euripides, Orestes 4. For the possible attribution of this scholium to Hellanicus, see Fowler, p. 434.
- ^ Gantz, p. 553.
- ^ See Gantz, p. 553, which says that "either the poet here heedlessly combines two conflicting descriptions (from different epic traditions?), or knows of a genealogy other than those we have found so far.
- ^ Gantz, p. 553; Bacchylides, 15.6, 48.
- ^ Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1569.
- ^ Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1602.
- ^ Gantz, p. 554. Both Weir Smyth, and Sommerstein in their notes to Agamemnon 1569, suggest that Pleisthenidae is being used here as a synonym of Atreidae.
- ^ For a discussion and the surviving fragments of the play see Cropp 2008b, pp. 79–87.
- ^ Gantz, p. 555; Collard and Cropp 2008b, p. 80; Grimal, s.v. Pleisthenes.
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 86.
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.2.2.
- ^ Apollodorus, E.2.10.
- ^ Apollodorus, E.3.12.
- ^ Gantz, pp. 544, 554; Collard and Cropp 2008b, p. 79 n. 1; Grimal s.v. Pleisthenes.
References
edit- Aeschylus, Agamemnon in Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes, Vol 2, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1926, Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Armstrong, Rebecca, Cretan Women: Pasiphae, Ariadne, and Phaedra in Latin Poetry, OUP Oxford, 2006. ISBN 9780199284030.
- Bacchylides, Odes, translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1991. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp (2008a), Euripides Fragments: Aegeus–Meleanger, Loeb Classical Library No. 504, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-674-99625-0. Online version at Harvard University Press.
- Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp (2008b), Euripides Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus: Other Fragments, Loeb Classical Library No. 506, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-674-99631-1. Online version at Harvard University Press.
- Dictys Cretensis, The Trojan War. The Chronicles of Dictys of Crete and Dares the Phrygian, translated by R. M. Frazer (Jr.). Indiana University Press. 1966.
- Euripides, Helen, translated by E. P. Coleridge in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 2. New York. Random House. 1938. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris, translated by Robert Potter in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 2. New York. Random House. 1938. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Euripides, Orestes, translated by E. P. Coleridge in The Complete Greek Drama, edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 1. New York. Random House. 1938. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Fowler, R. L. (2013), Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0198147411.
- Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
- Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
- Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae, in The Myths of Hyginus, edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. Online version at ToposText.
- Hesiod, Catalogue of Women from Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica translated by Evelyn-White, H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914. Online version at theio.com
- Most, G.W., Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments, Loeb Classical Library, No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2007, 2018. ISBN 978-0-674-99721-9. Online version at Harvard University Press.
- Parada, Carlos, Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology, Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. ISBN 978-91-7081-062-6.
- Seneca, Tragedies, Volume II: Oedipus. Agamemnon. Thyestes. Hercules on Oeta. Octavia. Edited and translated by John G. Fitch. Loeb Classical Library No. 78. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-674-99610-6. Online version at Harvard University Press.
- Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Sommerstein, Alan H., Aeschylus: Oresteia: Agamemnon, Libation-Bearers, Eumenides, edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein, Loeb Classical Library No. 146. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-99628-1. Online version at Harvard University Press.
- Sophocles, The Ajax of Sophocles. Edited with introduction and notes by Sir Richard Jebb, Sir Richard Jebb. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1893 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). ISBN 069022608X.
