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General elections were held in Peru on 8 April 1990, with a second round of the presidential elections on 10 June.[1] This exercise was to elect the President of the Republic, two vice presidents, and the members of Congress. The elections filled 180 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 60 seats in the Senate for the 1990-1995 governmental period.
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This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. |
The run-off was between favorite, novelist Mario Vargas Llosa leading a coalition of economically liberal parties collectively known as the Democratic Front and political underdog Alberto Fujimori of the populist and more moderate Cambio 90. Vargas Llosa won the first round with a small plurality, but alienated much of the electorate with a comprehensive privatisation agenda, bolstering the allegedly unelectable Fujimori who had finished second ahead of Luis Alva Castro of the ruling APRA party to enter the run-off against Vargas Llosa. Fujimori eventually won a landslide victory and would remain president for ten years until his resignation in November 2000.
Results
editFirst Round
editIn the elections held on April 8, 1990, Mario Vargas Llosa received 32.57% of the valid votes, which constituted 27% of the total votes cast. This was more than 23% below the threshold required for a first-round victory. Alberto Fujimori, initially polling at 1%, significantly increased his support to secure second place with 29.09% of the valid votes. Luis Alva Castro, representing the incumbent APRA party, finished in third place with 22.50% of the valid votes. This election marked the first time that APRA did not secure either first or second place in a free election.
In the 1990 Peruvian general elections, no other candidate exceeded 10% of the votes. The two main left-wing groups, Izquierda Unida and Izquierda Socialista, finished in fourth and fifth place with 8.20% and 4.74% of the votes, respectively. At the legislative level, FREDEMO emerged as the first minority in both chambers, securing 20 senators and 62 deputies. Despite its presidential candidate's lower performance, the APRA party maintained its position as the second largest minority, obtaining 17 senators and 53 deputies. Cambio 90, led by presidential candidate Alberto Fujimori, ranked third, capturing 14 senate seats and 32 in the Chamber of Deputies.
Due to mandatory voting laws, voter turnout was high in the 1990 Peruvian general elections, reaching 78.30% in the presidential election. However, participation was notably lower in the legislative elections, with 68.10% for the Chamber of Deputies and 68.70% for the Senate.
Second Round
editSince no candidate received more than 50% of the valid votes in the first round of the 1990 Peruvian presidential election, a runoff was necessary. This marked the first instance in Peruvian electoral history where a runoff was required. The two highest-voted candidates, Mario Vargas Llosa and Alberto Fujimori, advanced to the second round, which took place on June 10.
During the runoff of the 1990 Peruvian presidential election, Alberto Fujimori received endorsements from Izquierda Unida and Izquierda Socialista, along with a faction of the Partido Aprista Peruano led by Alan García. On the other hand, Mario Vargas Llosa was supported by Ricardo Belmont, the newly elected mayor, and Ezequiel Ataucusi, the leader of FREPAP. Additionally, Vargas Llosa received backing from various media outlets and personalities, including the newspaper Expreso, Panamericana Television, and television host Augusto Ferrando of the program Trampolín a la fama.[2]
Alberto Fujimori achieved a decisive victory in the runoff election with 62.32% of the valid votes, equivalent to 56.28% of the total votes cast. This victory made him the first elected president of Peru since the restoration of democracy to secure over half of the total vote. Mario Vargas Llosa, his opponent, received a minor increase in support, garnering 37.68% of the valid votes or 34.03% of the absolute vote.[3] Although Vargas Llosa had won across the country in the first round, in the runoff, he only managed to secure a majority in the department of Loreto. Voter turnout for the runoff was slightly higher than in the first round, at 79.50%.
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Mario Vargas Llosa | Democratic Front | 2,163,323 | 32.57 | 2,708,291 | 37.62 | |
Alberto Fujimori | Cambio 90 | 1,932,208 | 29.09 | 4,489,897 | 62.38 | |
Luis Alva Castro | American Popular Revolutionary Alliance | 1,494,231 | 22.50 | |||
Henry Pease | United Left | 544,889 | 8.20 | |||
Alfonso Barrantes | Socialist Left | 315,038 | 4.74 | |||
Roger Cáceres | National Front of Workers and Peasants | 86,418 | 1.30 | |||
Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal | Agricultural People's Front of Peru | 73,974 | 1.11 | |||
Dora Narrea | Odriist National Union | 21,962 | 0.33 | |||
Nicolás de Pierola Balta | Democratic Union | 9,541 | 0.14 | |||
Total | 6,641,584 | 100.00 | 7,198,188 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 6,641,584 | 84.75 | 7,198,188 | 90.45 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 1,195,532 | 15.25 | 760,044 | 9.55 | ||
Total votes | 7,837,116 | 100.00 | 7,958,232 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 10,013,225 | 78.27 | 10,007,614 | 79.52 | ||
Source: Nohlen |
Chamber of Deputies
editParty | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic Front | 1,561,291 | 30.03 | 62 | +40 | |
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance | 1,288,461 | 24.78 | 53 | –54 | |
Cambio 90 | 879,949 | 16.93 | 32 | New | |
United Left | 510,557 | 9.82 | 16 | –32 | |
Independent Moralizing Front | 309,263 | 5.95 | 7 | New | |
Socialist Left | 272,591 | 5.24 | 4 | New | |
National Front of Workers and Peasants | 126,067 | 2.42 | 3 | +2 | |
Agricultural People's Front of Peru | 63,450 | 1.22 | 0 | New | |
Independent Civic Union | 33,819 | 0.65 | 0 | New | |
Loreto Regionalist Movement | 24,854 | 0.48 | 1 | +1 | |
Tacneñista Front | 17,642 | 0.34 | 1 | New | |
Popular Agreement Independent List | 14,547 | 0.28 | 1 | New | |
In Action Independent Movement | 12,614 | 0.24 | 0 | New | |
Odriist National Union | 10,413 | 0.20 | 0 | New | |
Democratic Union | 7,738 | 0.15 | 0 | New | |
Nationalist Independent Front | 6,106 | 0.12 | 0 | New | |
Hayist Bases Movement | 5,607 | 0.11 | 0 | New | |
National Reconstruction Movement | 5,588 | 0.11 | 0 | New | |
Independent Democratic Front | 4,780 | 0.09 | 0 | New | |
Independent Social Movement | 4,348 | 0.08 | 0 | New | |
Lima Defence Front – Provinces | 3,739 | 0.07 | 0 | New | |
Independent Front of Retirees | 3,477 | 0.07 | 0 | New | |
Chavin Region | 3,416 | 0.07 | 0 | New | |
Democratic Alliance | 3,204 | 0.06 | 0 | New | |
Democratic Agrarian Front "Atusparia" | 3,016 | 0.06 | 0 | New | |
Velasquista Movement | 2,228 | 0.04 | 0 | New | |
National Cooperation | 2,136 | 0.04 | 0 | New | |
Independent List of Socialist Workers | 1,942 | 0.04 | 0 | New | |
Amazonense Independent Movement | 1,459 | 0.03 | 0 | New | |
Renewal Union of Peru | 1,312 | 0.03 | 0 | New | |
Huascaran | 1,221 | 0.02 | 0 | New | |
National Democratic Unity | 1,025 | 0.02 | 0 | New | |
United | 1,020 | 0.02 | 0 | New | |
Victors of Ayacucho | 985 | 0.02 | 0 | New | |
Chalaco Regional Movement | 925 | 0.02 | 0 | New | |
Independent Solidarity Movement | 913 | 0.02 | 0 | New | |
Integration Movement for the Development of Huanuco | 817 | 0.02 | 0 | New | |
Popular Renewal Movement | 772 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
Porteño Renovation Movement | 735 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
Independent Democratic Movement | 675 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
Lambayecano Independent Movement | 671 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
Independent Agreement for National Development | 597 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
North-East Agrarian Movement | 578 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
Andean Nationalist Left | 502 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
Impetu Regional Independent Movement | 398 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
Independent Popular Peruvian Alliance | 375 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
PASOP party | 357 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
Independent Democratic Organisation | 342 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
Advanced Democratic Integration | 332 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |
Independent Civic Front Strength and Freedom | 157 | 0.00 | 0 | New | |
Independent Democratic Socialist Party | 92 | 0.00 | 0 | New | |
Total | 5,199,103 | 100.00 | 180 | 0 | |
Source: CLEA |
By constituency
editConstituency | Total seats | FREDEMO | APRA | Cambio 90 | United Left | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amazonas | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ancash | 9 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Apurimac | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Arequipa | 9 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Ayacucho | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cajamarca | 10 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Callao | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Cusco | 8 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
Huancavelica | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Huanuco | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Ica | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Junin | 10 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
La Libertad | 11 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Lambayeque | 8 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lima 1 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Lima 2 | 40 | 14 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 9 |
Loreto | 5 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Madre De Dios | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Moquegua | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Pasco | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Piura | 11 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Puno | 8 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
San Martin | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tacna | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Tumbes | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ucayali | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Source: CLEA |
Senate
editParty | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic Front | 1,772,953 | 32.06 | 20 | +7 | |
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance | 1,387,931 | 25.09 | 16 | –14 | |
Cambio 90 | 1,200,459 | 21.70 | 14 | New | |
United Left | 540,620 | 9.77 | 6 | –9 | |
Socialist Left | 302,110 | 5.46 | 3 | New | |
National Front of Workers and Peasants | 112,142 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | |
Agricultural People's Front of Peru | 63,694 | 1.15 | 0 | New | |
Somos Libres | 50,430 | 0.91 | 0 | New | |
Independent Civic Union | 45,046 | 0.81 | 0 | New | |
Odriist National Union | 16,349 | 0.30 | 0 | –1 | |
Hayist Bases Movement | 13,531 | 0.24 | 0 | New | |
Independent Front of Retirees | 8,994 | 0.16 | 0 | New | |
Democratic Union | 7,805 | 0.14 | 0 | New | |
National Co-operation | 3,969 | 0.07 | 0 | New | |
Solidarity Independent Movement | 3,088 | 0.06 | 0 | New | |
Honorary Confederation of Independent Organised Struggle | 1,779 | 0.03 | 0 | New | |
Former presidents | 2 | +1 | |||
Total | 5,530,900 | 100.00 | 62 | +1 | |
Valid votes | 5,530,900 | 80.53 | |||
Invalid/blank votes | 1,336,963 | 19.47 | |||
Total votes | 6,867,863 | 100.00 | |||
Registered voters/turnout | 10,013,225 | 68.59 | |||
Source: JNE |
Background
editAt the time of the 1990 elections, the government of Alan Garcia, from the Peruvian Aprista Party (APRA), faced significant public disapproval. This disapproval was due to attempts to nationalize the banking system, purportedly to control rampant inflation that had been uncontrollable since 1987. Additionally, Garcia's administration was marred by corruption scandals and a resurgence of terrorist violence, notably from the terrorist organization Shining Path.[4] Consequently, it was anticipated that the elections would prompt a significant right-wing response.
History
editDuring the first round of the 1990 presidential elections in Peru, Mario Vargas Llosa,[5] a widely recognized writer, ran as the candidate of the tripartite coalition Frente Democrático (FREDEMO). Vargas Llosa was initially favored to win decisively, potentially eliminating the need for a runoff, particularly given the perceived weakness of the incumbent APRA party. APRA nominated Luis Alva Castro, its second vice-president, as its candidate. However, as the campaign progressed, Alberto Fujimori, representing the then new and marginal party Cambio 90, began to gain increasing support in the polls. Fujimori's rise was attributed to his moderate profile,[6] which drew support away from the traditional candidates.[3][7][8][9]
Debates
editThe presidential debate between candidates Mario Vargas Llosa and Alberto Fujimori took place on June 3, 1990, during the runoff campaign.[10] This event marked the first televised debate in the history of Peruvian presidential elections.[11][12][13]
Date | Organizer | Headquarters | Location | Moderator | Participants | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 de junio de 1990 | Intercampus (Universidad del Pacífico (Perú) | Anfiteatro del Centro Cívico de Lima | Cercado de Lima, Lima | Guido Lombardi | Vargas Llosa | Fujimori |
Surveys
editFirst Round
edit1989
editSurveyor | Date | Mario Vargas Llosa | Alfonso Barrantes | Luis Alva Castro | Henry Pease | Luis Bedoya | Others | None |
Apoyo S.A.[14] | Mar-89 | 34% | 36% | - | 30% | |||
Apoyo S.A.[15] | Abr-89 | 36% | 27% | 9% | - | - | - | - |
Apoyo S.A.[15] | Abr-89 | 36% | 23% | 7% | - | - | - | - |
Datum[16] | 16/06/89 | 46% | 4% | 8% | 18% | - | - | 20% |
Mercadeo y Opinión[17] | 25/06/89 | 38% | ||||||
Imasen[16] | 26/06/89 | 13.7% | 18.7% | 7.9% | - | 5.4% | 2.1% | 34.4% |
Apoyo S.A.[17] | 27/06/89 | 44% | 19% | - | - | - | - | - |
Apoyo S.A.[15][18] | Oct-89 | 47% | 14% | 8% | 7% | - | - | - |
Imasen[19] | Nov-89 | 52% | 10.5% | 4.7% | 5.4% | - | 2.3% | - |
Subsequent Events
editSelf-Coup of April 5, 1992
editThe two chambers of the elected Congress in Peru were unable to complete their constitutional terms due to a coup d'état on April 5, 1992, led by President Alberto Fujimori. This action dissolved the legislature and intervened in the judiciary,[20] effectively suspending the constitutional governance. Following the coup, Fujimori governed with full powers until the end of 1993, when a Democratic Constituent Congress was inaugurated. Despite the political upheaval, Fujimori managed to complete his term and was reelected in 1995. This period of governance led to significant constitutional reform, which abolished the Senate and transitioned the legislature to a unicameral system. Consequently, the 1990 elections marked the last for the bicameral body.
References
edit- ^ Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p454 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
- ^ Godoy, Jose Alejandro; Romero, Ezequiel (2021). The Last Dictator. Penguin. p. 659. ISBN 9786124272769. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
- ^ a b "1990 Elections: Demons and Redeemers in the New Peru" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ "Outsider Presidents and Neophyte Ministers: Evidence from the Fujimori Example" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ "Fujimori's decade: uprising, subsistence and fall of an antipolitical leader" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Schmidt, Gregory D (April 1996). "Fujimori's 1990 Upset Victory in Peru: Electoral Rules, Contingencies, and Adaptive Strategies". Comparative Politics. 28 (3): 321–354. doi:10.2307/422210. JSTOR 422210. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ "Fujimori's Annunciation: Alan Garcia 1985-1990" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Comas, Jose (Apr 7, 1990). "'Chinito' Fujimori is hot on Vargas Llosa's heels". el Pais. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ "Political Theory and History". Journal of Political Science. 38: 1. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Comas, Jose (June 4, 1990). "Side by side in Peru, despite Vargas Llosa's triumph over Fujimori on television". el Pais. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ de la Garza Estrada, German. "History of debates in Latin America". Excelsior. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ "25 years after the first presidential debate in Peru". El Comercio. June 3, 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Vargas Llosa, Mario; Fujimori, Alberto (November 1990). "The Debate: Complete Version of the Debate Held Between the Candidates for the Presidency of the Republic, at the Civic Center of Lima, on June 3, 1990". Repositorio de la Universidad del Pacífico - up. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Adrianzén, Alberto, ed. (2011). Apogeo y crisis de la izquierda peruana. Hablan sus protagonistas (PDF). IDEA Internacional. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
- ^ a b c Lynch, Nicolás (1999). Una tragedia sin héroes: la derrota de los partidos y el origen de los independientes. Perú, 1980-1992 (PDF). Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
- ^ a b Bueno León, Eduardo. "El fenómeno Fujimori y la crisis política en el Perú" (PDF). América Latina Hoy. 3 (1992): Partidos Políticos y Elecciones (II), Artículos Monográficos.
- ^ a b Ruiz Caro, Efraín (1990). La tercera colonización. La Voz.
- ^ Tanaka, Martín (1998). Los espejismos de la democracia: el colapso del sistema de partidos en el Perú, 1980-1995, en perspectiva comparada. IEP.
- ^ Oiga (in Spanish). Empresa Editora Eusko-Andina. 1989. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
- ^ Wills, Maria Emma; Pinto, Maria Teresa. "Peru's Failed Search for Political Stability (1968-2000)" (PDF). Retrieved 22 September 2024.