Wikipedia

Personal relationships of James VI and I

From the age of thirteen until his death, the life of King James VI of Scotland and I of England (1566–1625) was characterised by close relationships with a series of male favourites.

Portraits of James and his most well-known favourites, L to R: James VI & I, Esme Stewart, Robert Carr, George Villiers.

The influence James' favourites had on politics, and the resentment at the wealth they acquired, became major political issues during his reign. The extent to which the King's relationships with the men were sexual was a topic of bawdy contemporary speculation.

James VI and I certainly enjoyed the company of handsome young men, sometimes shared his bed with his favourites and was often passionate in his expressions of love for them.[1] James was married to Anne of Denmark, with whom he fathered eight children. He railed fiercely against sodomy.[2]: 1073 

Most historians and commentators today affirm that, given the evidence, James's relationships with some or all of his favourites clearly were sexual.[3][4]: 16  Others regard the evidence as more ambiguous, and needing to be understood in terms of 17th century forms of masculinity which were very different to today's.

The question of James' sexuality might be considered of only prurient interest, and certainly less important than the political consequences of the power and status he granted his favourites.[5] However, particularly since the late 20th century, historical analysis and commentary on James's personal life has raised important questions about how early modern same-sex relationships (whether sexual or friendship-based) were structured and understood, and the extent to which modern categories of sexuality can be applied to historical figures.

Views on James' sexual behaviour edit

Overview edit

Insinuations about James's sexual acts with other men followed him throughout his life.[1]: 541 [6] Some of these comments on James's sex life are coloured by various prejudices, and some are part of a literary convention attacking opponents by attributing evils to them;[1]: 542  and this "type of gossips and concerns over deviant sexuality" was not new (similar denouncements were made of Queen Elizabeth I's favourites) - but, according to Cezara Bobeica, "Under James, the novelty was the exponential increase of such accusations of sodomy"[7]: 28  and, according to historian Michael B. Young, while any given comment on James and his favorites is suspect, "their totality is impressive."[1]: 542  Additionally, Young stresses the comments about James's "erotic interactions with his faviourites" were not always speculative but, rather, were based on observation of James "hugging, falling upon the necks of, and kissing his favourites in public."[1]: 542 

Until the late 20th century, historians' accounts were often biased by prevailing negative social attitudes towards same-sex relationships, with historians from the 1960s to 80s still often avoiding or "fumbling" the subject of James's sexuality.[1]: 546  By the late 20th century the consensus was to see the relationships between James and his favourites as sexual.[1]: 542, 546–547  However, in the 1990s a counter - or at least problematising - view arose, with some academics arguing that many of the key points of evidence cited in favour of the relationships being sexual, such as James sharing a bed or exchanging kisses with his favourites, were behaviours that in James' time were widely seen as public tokens of friendship.[8]: 4  Today, most historians do recognise the sexual nature of James' relationships with all or some of his favourites.[3][4]

Contemporary views edit

I discussed with [my friend things] that were secret as of the sin of sodomy, how frequent it was in this wicked city, and if God did not provide some wonderful blessing against it, we could not but expect some horrible punishment for it; especially it being as we had probable cause to fear, a sin in the prince.

— Sir Simonds d'Ewes (1622)[9]: 50 

It was generally believed by James's contemporaries that his relationships with his favourites were sexual[10]: 83  and "[t]he impression that James and his favorites were engaged in sex was widespread".[1]: 543 

Contemporaries observed what Young decribes as James's "erotic interactions with his favourites" and commented on them in their journals, letters and reports.[1]: 542  For instance, commenting generally, Albert Fontenay wrote that James's "love for favourites is indiscreet and wilful";[11] and John Hacket wrote that James would, from his mid-teens, "clasp someone ... in the Embraces of his great Love", and that this began first with Esmé Stewart.[12] Commenting on James's public affection towards Stewart, Sir Henry Widdrington recorded that James "can hardly suffer him out of his presence, and is in such love with him, as in the open sight of the people, oftentimes he will clasp him about the neck with his arms and kiss him".[9]: 39  Others commented that James was "carried away" by, or in the "possession" of, Stewart.[9]: 39  David Moysie wrote in his memoirs that James, "having conceived an inward affection to [Stewart], entered in great familiarity and quiet purposes with him" (David Harris Willson notes that "great familiarity and quiet purposes" bears a "special connotation in the Scots idiom of the time" to sexual interactions[13]: 36 ).[1]: 543  Similarly, Thomas Fowler reported that James "kissed [the Earl of Huntly] at times to the amazement of many", adding that "It is thought this King is too much carried by young men that lie in his chamber and are his minions".[9]: 42  Concerning James and Robert Carr's interations, Thomas Howard reported that James "leans on [Carr's] arm, touches his cheeks, smooths his ruffled garment".[1]: 543  Of James and his favourites - and especially George Villiers - the diarist John Oglander recorded: James "loved young men, his favourites, better than women, loving them beyond the love of men to women. I never saw any fond husband make so much or so great dalliance over his beautiful spouse as I have seen King James over his favourites, especially the Duke of Buckingham".[14]: 107 [15] And the Venetian ambassador reported that James had given Villiers "all his heart, who will not eat, sup or remain an hour without him and considers him his whole joy".[9]: 33 [15]

Similar sources also commented on what drew James's attention in the men around him, namely effeminate appearances.[9]: 73  Thomas Howard commented that James "does admire good fashion in clothes" and "dwells on good looks and handsome accoutrements", citing Robert Carr as an example of someone successful in catching the King's attention because he "changed his tailors and tiremen many times, and all to please the Prince". Carr, Howard described, was "straight-limbed, well-favoured, strong-shouldered, and smooth-faced".[9]: 73–74  The French ambassador Tillières reported James's passion was for men with beautiful faces, preferably without facial hair.[9]: 74  Later in the century, the royalist historian the Earl of Clarendon wrote of James, "yet, of all wise men living, he was the most delighted and taken with handsome persons and with fine clothes"; and that Buckingham's "first introduction into favour was purely from the handsomeness of his person", on whom the King showered honours and wealth on because "of the beauty and gracefulness and becomingness of his person".[9]: 75 

Comments were made in a variety of other sources.[1]: 542  Curtis Perry, in a 2000 article on "The Politics of Access and Representations of the Sodomite King in Early Modern England", states that "[S]odomitical images of James I [were] promulgated in manuscript verse libels, mean-spirited memoirs, and political pamphlets written by disgruntled contemporaries".[2] While some of these are suspect as they were written by those opposed to James's favourites to slander them, particularly through a literary convention attributing all kinds of evils to them (which is Perry's concern in his article), other sources are more trustworthy as they are less suseptible to such literary conventions.[1]: 542 

Soon after James's marriage in 1589,[16] verses made reference to rumours about the King's sexual behaviour, calling James "a bougerer [that is, a buggerer], one that left his wife all night intactam [that is, untouched, a virgin]".[6][17][18][19]

When James ascended the English throne in 1603, an epigram circulated in London: "Elizabeth was King: now James is Queen".[6] The Puritan diarist Simonds d'Ewes wrote in 1622 of his concern that "the sin of sodomy" had become "a sin in the prince as well as the people".[20]: 67  The following year, Huguenot poet Théophile de Viau observed from France that "it is well known that the king of England / fucks the Duke of Buckingham".[21][22] A poem called To Buckinghame references sodomy in its "buck-in-game" pun,[note 1] with one version proclaiming at the end of the poem that the king loves the favourite "Solely, for your looke".[23]

In 1627, Dominick Roche, an alderman of Limerick, said the King of Spain broke off the Spanish match when he discovered James and his son, Charles, committed "unnatural crimes" with Buckingham,[24] with the King of Spain "knowing them to be guilty of so foul a sin".[25]

It's possible comments were also made about the age differences between James and his favourites Carr (Earl of Somerset) and Buckingham - there was at least 20 years between them. For instance, while it cannot be proved without doubt that it referred to James and his favourites, Thomas Carew wrote a masque celebrating the "conjugal affection" between James's son Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, potentially contrasting it with James and his favourites, saying the example of Charles and Henrietta Maria's marriage inspired Jupiter to ban the love of boys from his heavemly court: "Ganimede is forbidden the Bedchamber. ... The Gods must keepe no Pages, nor Groomes of their Chamber under the age of 25". Michael B. Young comments, "Carr and Villiers, in their early twenties, would have been banished under this rule".[1]: 541 

Two poems that relate James and Buckingham's relationship to Ganymede, a mortal from Greek mythology with whom Zeus falls in love, are the poems that "most explicitly alleged a homosexual relationship between the King and his "Ganymede" favourite".[26][note 2] One of the poems, by Alexander Gill the Younger, asks God to save "my sovereign from a Ganymede / Whose Whorish breath hath power to lead / His Majesty which way it lists"[27] - the author rightly commented that the poem expressed what many thought.[28] The other poem depicts the, for the poet, dire consequences of the king's rumoured sexual relationship with Buckingham through imagery of "the moral and political disorder that plagues the court of Jove [i.e., Jupiter], king of the gods, as a result of the King's sexual infatuation with the Trojan boy Ganymede".[29] With the poem's charge of sodomy, the other gods, at war with Jove (who "with Ganymede lies playing", oblivious to the impending punishment for "loving so 'gainst nature"[1]: 544 ) "threaten without mercy / To have him burned / That so hath turned / Love's pleasure arsy versy"[24] (or "arse wise"[1]: 544 ). Another poem portrays parliament as James's loyal wife and the King as her husband who's been unfaithful to her by being a Ganymede - the passive partner - to Buckingham, thereby leaving himself open to being sodomized by Spain and the Popery.[27][24]

Knowing to whom James was attracted,[30] rival factions within the Jacobean court "sought influence with the king by promoting handsome young men whom they hoped would gain his favour".[31] A former favourite of James, James Hay, for instance, "dangled [Robert Carr] under the king's nose ... in an attempt to undermine" those who currently had the ascendancy with the him.[32] In turn,[33][34] William Herbert and the Archbishop of Canterbury George Abbot "exploited [George Villiers's] charms to displace the previous royal favourite, Robert Carr" (to do so, Villiers made himself more effete, "clean-shaven, and with his long, elegant legs prominently displayed"[31]); and Villiers's "rivals at court sought his downfall by tempting James with other pretty young men".[31] For instance, in 1618 the Howard family tried to use Sir William Monson to topple and replace Villiers[35][36][34][9]: 76  (Monson's backers wanted to "set... up this new idol" and took "great pains in tricking and pranking him up, besides washing his face every day with posset-curd"[35]) and, in 1622, Lionel Cranfield tried to do likewise using Sir Arthur Brett, but both attempts failed.[9]: 76 [14]: 118–119 [37]

James's condemnation of sodomy edit

In James' book on kingship, Basilikón Dōron, James listed crimes that were treasonous and warranted death, including sodomy[38]

Alan Bray argues that the modern concept of homosexuality has clouded understanding of the Renaissance concept of sodomy.[8]: 15  Sodomy may be better understood in modern terms as "debauchery",[8]: 3  representing not just sexual behaviour but a disruption of the social order.[8] In James' time, "friendship between men was understood to be the key public relationship, the very stuff of civility and social order".[2]: 1059  As such, intimate relations between men, which may or may not have involved sexual elements, could be cast positively as friendship or, where they disrupted the social order, negatively as sodomy. In this reading, accusations of sodomy levelled against James arose as a result of the disruptive power that he granted his favourites.[2]: 1056  Meanwhile, the King may have seen sex with his favourites as a patriarchal right:[9]: 48  Jonathan Goldberg argues that Basilikon Doron is proof that "sodomy was so fully politicized that no king could possibly apply the term to himself."[38]: 376 

In his work King James and the History of Homosexuality, Young suggests simpler arguments to explain the King's strong rejection of sodomy. James may simply have been a hypocrite on the matter.[9]: 48–49  Alternatively, the legal definition of sodomy related only to anal intercourse, and the King may have indulged in other behaviours with men (such as mutual masturbation) that today would be seen as homosexual but would then not have been seen as sodomy.[9]: 49–50  John Philipps Kenyon comments that despite, in James's time, the stigma placed on sex between men, "homosexuality was an imperial vice ... and ... sexual indulgence alone has rarely contributed to the downfall of rulers, or even noticeably undermined their prestige."[39]: 41 

Views of modern historians edit

Giving an overview of the views of scholars working from the 1960s to 2012, Michael B. Young said earlier histories about James "fumbled the subject of James's sexuality ... mak[ing] light of it, express[ed] disapproval (even repugnance), or dodged the subject altogether".[1]: 546  Of this type, he cites, for example, Bishop David Matthew's James I (1967) and Gordon Donaldson's Scotland: James V to James VII (1971). Views were often biased by prevailing negative social attitudes towards same-sex relationships.[1]: 546  Donaldson, for example, wrote that James's affair with Esme Stuart, Duke of Lennox, had "a physical, but not necessarily gross, side to it".[1]: 546  Some historians of this time advanced the surprising view that James's public displays of affection for his favourites were proof that there was not sexual activity in private.[9]: 42 [5]

Antonia Fraser's 1975 popular biography of the King took an opposing and famously pragmatic view:

In sexual matters ... it is generally better to assume the obvious unless there is some very good reason to think otherwise.[5]

Maurice Lee Jr (Great Britain's Solomon: James VI and I in His Three Kingdoms (1990)) continued the older habit of giving an "asexual view of James's relationships".[1]: 546 However, by the end of the 20th century a consensus formed that "James and his favourites were sexual partners".[1]: 542  Examples Young gives of those making the consensus include Caroline Bingham's James I of England (1981), Roger Lockyer's Buckingham (1981), David M. Bergeron's Royal Family, Royal Lovers (1991), Kevin Sharpe's contribution to the Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain (1996) and Pauline Croft's King James (2003).[1]: 547–549 

The consensus, Young says, was replaced in the late 20th and early 21st century "with renewed equivocation and ambiguity" over the issue,[1]: 542  including by some, like Lockyer, who had previously been unambiguous that James and his favourites had sex.[1]: 550  Young sees as instrumental in this shift a "misguided desire to protect [James's] reputation" and the influence of Alan Bray's essay "Homosexuality and the Signs of Male Friendship in Elizabethan England" (1990),[1]: 567  which argued sodomy did not align with the modern concept of homosexuality (see above) and identified that behaviours that would now be seen as sexual (such as sharing a bed) were at the time taken as signs of friendship.[8]

Now,[4] social historian Emma Dabiri summarised in 2017, few historians and biographers doubt that James was "either gay or bisexual".[3] John Matusiak's 2015 biography James I: Scotland's King of England views James as "homosexual",[40] although is unsure about the "precise extent of the king's sexual involvement with Lennox".[41] Keith Coleman's 2023 biography James VI and I: The King Who United Scotland and England see James's relationships with Somerset and Buckingham as sexual, adding that his relationship with Lennox probably also was.[17] Steven Veerapen, author of 2023's The Wisest Fool: The Lavish Life of James VI and I, also views James's relationships with his favourites as sexual, describing the king as, in modern terms, bisexual,[42][43][44][45] with a "strong preference for men".[46]: 130  Reviewing James's letters and poems and focusing on desire rather than actions, David M. Bergeron see James's relationships with Lennox, Somerset and Buckingham comprising a "special intimacy, including, but not restricted to, homoerotic desire",[14]: vii–viii  with James's letters to his male favourites as "signs of erotic desire [and] same-sex love".[14]: 30 

Relationships with women edit

Wife: Anne of Denmark edit

See also: Anne of Denmark § Relationship with James
 
Portrait of Anne by John de Critz, 1605

James married Anne of Denmark in 1589 to establish a strong Protestant alliance in Continental Europe, a policy he continued by marrying his daughter to the future King of Bohemia. James was initially said to be infatuated with his wife and gallantly crossed the North Sea with a royal retinue to collect her after Anne's initial efforts to sail to England were thwarted by storms.[47]: 24 

Some years passed after the marriage before James and Anne's first child, Prince Henry, was born in 1594. In July 1592, James Halkerston was suspected of writing verses that suggested King James has sex with his favourites and left his wife a virgin.[18] The claimed extra-marital attachment of the King to Anne Murray (see below) may have been promulgated to scotch such rumours.[6]

The marriage later cooled and was marked by several marital frictions. Queen Anne was particularly upset with James placing the infant Prince Henry in the custody of John Erskine, Earl of Mar at Stirling Castle, in keeping with Scottish royal tradition.[47]: 24  In the course of the marriage, Anne's relationship with her husband alternated between affection and estrangement.[47]: 24  The two had eight children, with the last being born during 1607, although some sources cite that by 1606 they had already started living in separate establishments.[48]: 87  James lost interest in his wife and it was said that she led a sad, reclusive life afterward, appearing at court functions on occasion. The Venetian ambassador reported during what would be the last years of Anne's life that "She is unhappy because the king rarely sees her and many years have passed since he saw much of her".[9]: 84 

Despite his neglect of Anne, James was affected by her death and was moved to compose a poem in her memory.[13][10]: 179 

'Mistress': Anne Murray edit

Main article: Anne Lyon, Countess of Kinghorne

There is little evidence of a relationship between James and Anne Murray, later Lady Glamis.[49][50] The evidence comprises a letter, dated 10 May 1595, to Lord Burghley, in which Sir John Carey wrote of a "fair mistress Anne Murray, the king's mistress",[50] and a poem composed by James entitled A Dream on his Mistress my Ladie Glammes, which is thought to be about Murray,[49][51][52][53] in which James calls Glamis "my mistress and my love".[47]: 24 

Anne was the daughter of John Murray, 1st Earl of Tullibardine, master of the king's household.[52]: 78–80 [49] Pauline Croft dates a romantic relationship between the king and Murray between 1593 and 1595.[47]: 24 

Based on the "sparse though tantilising evidence",[50] some historians, like Coleman[49] and Matusiak, find it "difficult to avoid the impression" that James had "at least one extra-marital excursion with a member of the opposite sex".[50] For Allan F. Westcott, the paucity of evidence reflects that the relationship was a simply a "conventional, half literary, flirtation".[52]: 80  Another possibility is that the king's mistress was "an exercise in political spin" to deflect rumours that James was a "buggerer": Murray arrived at around the same time rumours were circulating that the king had not conceived a child with his wife because he was attracted to men rather than to women.[6]

Male favourites edit

... his persistent, foolhardy habit of falling head over heels for beautiful, arrogant, and reckless favourites ...

— Huw Lemmey and Ben Miller, "James VI and I", Bad Gays: A Homosexual History (2022)[54]

James had a number of favourites throughout his life, including Esmé Stewart, Philip Herbert,[55][56]: 1058–1060  James Hay,[55][56]: 1058–1060  Richard Preston, James Stewart,[11] Alexander Lindsay,[9]: 42  Francis Stewart,[57] George Gordon,[9]: 42 [11] Robert Carr, and George Villiers.

Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox edit

Main article: Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox

At the age of 13, James made his formal entry into Edinburgh. Upon arriving he met his first cousin, the Franco-Scottish lord Esmé Stewart, about 24 years older than James,[1]: 541  whom the Puritan leader Sir James Melville described as "of nature, upright, just, and gentle". Having arrived from France, Stewart was an exotic visitor who fascinated the young James.[58] The two became extremely close and it was said by John Hacket, James's chaplain, that "from the time he [James] was fourteen years old and no more, that is, when the Lord Aubigny [Esmé Stewart] came into Scotland out of France to visit him, even then he began ... to clasp some one Gratioso in the Embraces of his great Love",[12][59]: 382 [9]: 41  and by Sir Henry Widdrington that James became "in such love with him as in the open sight of the people often he will clasp him about the neck with his arms and kiss him".[60][59]: 382 [61]

The King first made Aubigny a gentleman of the bedchamber. Later, he appointed him to the Privy Council and created him earl and finally duke of Lennox. In Presbyterian Scotland the thought of a Catholic duke irked many, and Lennox had to make a choice between his Catholic faith or his loyalty to James. In the end, Lennox chose James and the king taught him the doctrines of Calvinism. The Scottish Kirk remained suspicious of Lennox after his public conversion and took alarm when he had the Earl of Morton tried and beheaded on charges of treason. The Scottish ministry was also warned that the duke sought to "draw the King to carnal lust".[14]: 37 

In response the Scottish nobles plotted to oust Lennox.They did so by luring James to Ruthven Castle as a guest but then kept him as prisoner for ten months. The Lord Enterprisers forced him to banish Lennox. The duke journeyed back to France and kept a secret correspondence with James. Lennox in these letters says he gave up his family "to dedicate myself entirely to you"; he prayed to die for James to prove "the faithfulness which is engraved within my heart, which will last forever." The former duke wrote, "Whatever might happen to me, I shall always be your faithful servant... you are alone in this world whom my heart is resolved to serve. And would to God that my breast might be split open so that it might be seen what is engraven therein."[14]: 49 

James was devastated by the loss of Lennox.[59][62] On his return to France, Lennox had met a frosty reception as an apostate Catholic. The Scottish nobles had thought that they would be proven right in their convictions that Lennox's conversion was artificial when he returned to France. Instead, the former duke remained Presbyterian and died shortly after, leaving James his embalmed heart.[59]: 384  James had repeatedly vouched for Lennox's religious sincerity and memorialized him in a poem called Ane Tragedie of the Phoenix, which likened him to an exotic bird of unique beauty killed by envy.[59]: 384 

Richard Preston, 1st Earl of Desmond edit

Main article: Richard Preston, 1st Earl of Desmond

Richard was born the third son of Richard Preston of Whitehill in Midlothian, near Edinburgh. His family was gentry of the Edinburgh area and owned Craigmillar Castle in the late 16th and early 17th century. His family placed him as a page at the King's court in Edinburgh where he is mentioned in that capacity in 1591.[63] He was a companion of the King since childhood.[64]: 2 

As a page, Preston gained the king's special favour in the 1580s or 1590s, after Lennox's departure. When James acceded the English throne as James I in 1603, Preston accompanied him to England and was knighted at the King's coronation in London on 25 July 1603 in the old elaborate ceremony that included the bathing of the new knight.[65] In this way, he was a Knight of the Carpet, awarded the honour as part of a holiday occasion rather than acquiring it through battle.[7]: 25  He then was made a groom of the privy chamber.[66] In 1607, Preston was appointed constable of Dingwall Castle in Scotland.[63] He bought the barony of Dingwall and on 8 June 1609 the King created him Lord Dingwall.[63] Preston's closeness to the King, and the King's lavishing of honours upon him, created gossip about their relationship.[67] An emblem produced by engraver Henry Peacham may secretly ridicule Preston for the way in which he gained his honours through the King's favour, rather than personal achievement, and insinuate about his involvement in the "debauchery, effeminacy, and same-sex desire" thought to be in James's court.[7]: 25–29 

In London, the King met in 1608 Robert Carr (see below), who became his favourite and seems to have supplanted Lord Dingwall - although Dingwall could also have been instrumental in arranging Carr's relationship with the King,[68]: 49 [64]: 3  and Dingwall stayed in good favour with the King throughout the King's life.[64]: 2  Dingwall also help another of James's favourites, George Villiers, rise to prominence.[64]: 3 

Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset edit

Main article: Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset
 
Portrait of Carr by Nicholas Hilliard, 1603–1609

A few years later after the controversy over his relationship with Lennox faded away, James began a relationship with Robert Carr.[59]: 386  In 1607, at a royal jousting contest, the 20-year-old Carr, the son of Sir Thomas Carr or Kerr of Ferniehirst, was knocked from a horse and broke his leg. According to Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk, James fell in love with the young man and, as the years progressed, showered Carr with gifts.[69] James was 20 years older than Carr.[1]: 541  Carr was made a gentleman of the bedchamber and he was noted for his handsome appearance as well as his limited intelligence; he was also made a Knight of the Garter, a Privy Counsellor and Viscount Rochester. His downfall came through Frances Howard, a beautiful young married woman. Upon Rochester's request, James stacked a court of bishops that would allow her to divorce her husband in order to marry Rochester. As a wedding present, Rochester was created Earl of Somerset.

In 1615, James fell out with Somerset. In a letter James complained, among other matters, that Somerset had been "creeping back and withdrawing yourself from lying in my chamber, notwithstanding my many hundred times earnest soliciting you to the contrary" and that he rebuked James "more sharply and bitterly than ever my master Buchanan durst do".[59]: 387 

At this, point public scandal erupted when Somerset's new wife was accused of poisoning Sir Thomas Overbury. Though Somerset refused to admit any guilt, his wife confessed, and both were sentenced to death. The King commuted the sentence. Nevertheless, they were imprisoned in the Tower of London for seven years, after which they were pardoned and allowed to retire to a country estate.[70][59]: 387 [71]

George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham edit

Main article: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
 
Villiers as Lord High Admiral, a portrait by Daniel Mytens the Elder, 1619

The last of James's favourites was George Villiers, the son of a Leicestershire knight. They had met in 1614, around the same time that the situation with Somerset was deteriorating. Buckingham, 22 years old to James' 48,[1]: 541  was described as exceptionally handsome, intelligent and honest. In 1615 James knighted him and 8 years later he was the first commoner in more than a century to be elevated to a dukedom – as Duke of Buckingham – although he had first been raised in sequence as a Knight of the Garter and Viscount Villiers, as Earl of Buckingham then Marquess of Buckingham. Restoration of Apethorpe Hall, undertaken 2004–2008, revealed a previously unknown passage linking the bedchambers of James and Villiers.[72]

The King was blunt and unashamed in his avowal of love for Buckingham and compared it to Jesus' love of John:

I, James, am neither a god nor an angel, but a man like any other. Therefore I act like a man and confess to loving those dear to me more than other men. You may be sure that I love the Earl of Buckingham more than anyone else, and more than you who are here, assembled. I wish to speak in my own behalf and not to have it thought to be a defect, for Jesus Christ did the same, and therefore I cannot be blamed. Christ had John, and I have George.

17th century commentators, such as poet Théophile de Viau, wrote plainly about the king's relationship. In his poem Au marquis du Boukinquan, de Viau wrote: "Apollo with his songs / debauched young Hyacinthus, [...] And it is well known that the king of England / fucks the Duke of Buckingham."[21][22]

Buckingham became good friends with James's wife Anne of Denmark; she addressed him in affectionate letters begging him to be "always true" to her husband. In a letter to James, Buckingham said, "sir, all the way hither I entertained myself, your unworthy servant, with this dispute, whether you loved me now ... better than at the time which I shall never forget at Farnham, where the bed's head could not be found between the master and his dog".[14]: 179  When James I died in March 1625, Buckingham was in France on a diplomatic mission but news of his death brought him to tears.[47]: 128 

Notes edit

  1. ^ Early Stuart Libels says there are "hints of sodomy" in the pun;[23] Jonathan Healey calls it a "fairly explicit reference to anal sex".[20]: 66 
  2. ^ When reviewing opinions about King James's sexuality, Michael B. Young advised caution and forbearance because some historians anachronistically use "modern binary constructs for sexuality" - that is, for them, the question is whether James was homosexual - when the question should be "whether his sexual relations followed the pederastic or sodomitical patterns of his own day or, to be even more neutral, simply whether he engaged in sex with other males".[1]: 547 

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Young, Michael B. (2012). "James VI and I: Time for a Reconsideration?". Journal of British Studies. 51 (3): 540–567. doi:10.1086/664955. S2CID 142991232.
  2. ^ a b c d Perry, Curtis (2000). "The Politics of Access and Representations of the Sodomite King in Early Modern England". Renaissance Quarterly. 53 (4): 1054–1083. doi:10.2307/2901456. ISSN 0034-4338.
  3. ^ a b c "Filled with 'a number of male lovelies': the surprising court of King James VI and I". BBC. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Painter, Sean T. (2015). "Rex Fuit Elizabeth: Nunc Est Regina Jacobus (Elizabeth Was King Now James Is Queen)" (PDF). The Chico Historian. 25. California State University, Chico.
  5. ^ a b c Fraser, Antonia (1975). King James VI of Scotland, I of England. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-394-49476-0. James has had his defenders on the grounds that nothing was done in private just because there was so much pinching and fondling in public. In sexual matters, however, it is generally better to assume the obvious unless there is some very good reason to think otherwise. In any case, it is an academic argument, for the degree of their intimacy is less important than its political consequences.
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Further reading edit

External links edit

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