Paykar Khān Igīrmī Dūrt (Persian: پیکر خان ایگیرمیدورت; Azerbaijani: Peykər xan İyirmidörd) was a Qizilbash chieftain in the service of Safavid Persia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. His career flourished in the southeastern Caucasus, where he ran the governments of Barda and Kakheti on behalf of Shah Abbas I until being overthrown in a Georgian uprising in 1625.
Governor
editPaykar Beg, the future khan, was a leader of the Turkic tribe of Igirmi Durt (lit. 'twenty four'), who vied with other Qizilbash factions over the influence in Karabakh. On the order of Shah Ismail II, Paykar killed his cousin Yusof Khalife ibn Shahverdi Khan Ziyadoghlu, beglarbeg of Karabakh, and Yūsof's mother and brothers, expecting appointment as beglarbeg. Ismail, however, gave the position to a member of the rival Qajar clan.[1]
Paykar rose to influence in 1608, when Shah Abbas I appointed him governor of Barda. Around 1620, he was, further, given the governorship of Kakheti, a neighboring Georgian kingdom, which the shah sought to bring under his full control. On this occasion, Abbas gave to Paykar in marriage Lela (Fatma Sultan Begum),[2] a royal princess from another Georgian kingdom, that of Kartli, whom the shah dismissed from his harem after having her brother, King Luarsab II of Kartli, executed.[3][4]
On his appointment in Kakheti, Paykar Khan settled in the fortress of Qarlanquch (Khornabuji) where he built a town with fine homes and bathes. Following the shah's order, he brought some 15,000 households of Igirmi Durt Imuru, Zolqadar, Solayman Hajlu, and Kurds of Azerbaijan for resettlement in Kakheti.[5] The country lay depopulated and in ruins; tens of thousands of Georgians had been deported to the remote provinces of the Safavid empire and those who remained hid in the forests and mountains. Paykar Khan's vizier was Fazli Isfahani Khuzani, who subsequently wrote the chronicle Afżal al-tawārikh, an important source for the history of Shah Abbas's campaigns in the Caucasus and Georgian affairs.[1][6]
Downfall
editPaykar Khan's rule in Kakheti was brought to an end, in 1625, by the rebellion of the shah's Georgian officer Giorgi Saakadze (Murav-Beg), who had killed the Safavid commander Qarachaqay Khan and destroyed his army camp at Martq'op'i. He was in alliance with Zurab, Duke of Aragvi, whom Saakadze had promised the hand of Lela, Paykar Khan's wife. Paykar Khan was at this time on a mission to eliminate the pockets of Georgian refugees in the forests of Kakheti. On hearing the news that the Georgian troops were advancing towards Qarlanquch, he hastily returned to his headquarters and fled with his wife and tribe. They succeeded in crossing the Kura river safely, but lost many of fellow clansmen, much cattle, and booty to the pursuing Georgians, who carried their raid far into Ganja and Karabakh.[3][5]
References
edit- ^ a b Maeda, Hirotake (2006). "The forced migrations and reorganisation of the regional order in the Caucasus by Safavid Iran: Preconditions and developments described by Fazli Khuzani". In Ieda, Osamu; Uyama, Tomohiko (eds.). Reconstruction and interaction of Slavic Eurasia and its neighbouring worlds (PDF). Slavic Eurasian Studies, No.10. Sapporo: Slavic Research Centre, Hokkaido University. pp. 243–246. ISBN 4938637391.
- ^ Dumin, S.V., ed. (1996). Дворянские роды Российской империи. Том 3. Князья [Noble families of the Russian Empire. Volume 3: Princes] (in Russian). Moscow: Linkominvest. p. 41.
- ^ a b Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. pp. 191–193. ISBN 978-1780230306.
- ^ Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund, eds. (2012). "After the conquest: The rise of gholams of Kartlian noble origin". Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. I.B. Tauris. p. 481. ISBN 978-1780769905.
- ^ a b Abrahams, Simin (1999). A historiographical study and annotated translation of volume 2 of the Afzal al-Tavarikh by Fazil Khuzani al-Isfahani (PhD). University of Edinburgh. pp. 16–19. hdl:1842/6906.
- ^ Melville, Charles (2003). "New Light on the Reign of Shah 'Abbas: Volume III of the Afzal al-Tawarikh". In Newman, Andrew J. (ed.). Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid Period. Brill. p. 89. ISBN 9004127747.