The Panche or Tolima is an indigenous group of people that lived in what is now Colombia. Their language is unclassified – and possibly unclassifiable – but may have been Cariban.[2] They inhabited the southwestern parts of the department of Cundinamarca and the northeastern areas of the department of Tolima, close to the Magdalena River. At the time of the Spanish conquest, more than 30,000 Panche were living in what would become the New Kingdom of Granada.[1] Early knowledge about the Panche has been compiled by scholar Pedro Simón. According to the latter, the word panche in their own Panche language means "cruel" and "murderer".[3]
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 30,000[1] (1537) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
Cundinamarca, Tolima,  Colombia | |
| Languages | |
| Cariban, Colombian Spanish | |
| Religion | |
| Traditional religion, Catholicism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Muzo, Muisca, Sutagao, Pijao |
Panche territory
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The Panche were inhabiting the lower altitude southwestern areas of the Cundinamarca department, close to the Magdalena River. Their northern neighbours were the Muzo in the northeast and the Pantágora in the northwest, in the east the Muisca, in the southeast the Sutagao and to the south and southwest the Pijao. The northern limits were defined by the Río Negro and the Guarinó River and the southern limits the Coello and Fusagasugá Rivers.[4]
The Panche people were organized in a loose confederation with different subgroups whose names still remain as municipalities of Cundinamarca.
Municipalities belonging to Panche territories
edit| Name | Department | Altitude (m) urban centre |
Map |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albán | Cundinamarca | 2245 |  |
| Anapoima | Cundinamarca | 710 |  |
| Anolaima | Cundinamarca | 1657 |  |
| Apulo | Cundinamarca | 420 |  |
| Beltrán | Cundinamarca | 235 |  |
| Bituima | Cundinamarca | 1627 |  |
| Cachipay | Cundinamarca | 1600 |  |
| Chaguaní | Cundinamarca | 1200 |  |
| El Colegio | Cundinamarca | 990 |  |
| Girardot | Cundinamarca | 326 |  |
| Guaduas | Cundinamarca | 992 |  |
| Guataquí | Cundinamarca | 227 |  |
| Guayabal de Síquima | Cundinamarca | 1630 |  |
| La Mesa | Cundinamarca | 1200 |  |
| Nilo | Cundinamarca | 336 |  |
| Nimaima | Cundinamarca | 1085 |  |
| Nocaima | Cundinamarca | 1105 |  |
| Pulí | Cundinamarca | 1270 |  |
| Quipile | Cundinamarca | 2012 |  |
| Ricaurte | Cundinamarca | 284 |  |
| San Juan de Rioseco | Cundinamarca | 1303 |  |
| Sasaima | Cundinamarca | 1203 |  |
| Tibacuy (disputed with the zipa of the Muisca) |
Cundinamarca | 1647 |  |
| Tocaima | Cundinamarca | 400 |  |
| Vianí | Cundinamarca | 1498 |  |
| Viotá | Cundinamarca | 567 |  |
| Ambalema | Tolima | 241 |  |
| Honda | Tolima | 229 |  |
| Mariquita | Tolima | 495 |  |
Description
editThe Panche were a strong group of warriors who fought numerous battles with the neighbouring Muisca. They walked partially naked and were ornamented with earrings, feathers and golden pieces.[5]
The Panche hunted and fought wars with their enemies using sticks and clubs and poisoned arrows. They used poison of spiders and snakes for their arrows.[5]
Petroglyphs of the Panche were discovered in Tibacuy, Viotá, El Colegio, Cachipay, Albán, Sasaima. Rock paintings have been found in Tibacuy.[6]
Like other indigenous peoples of the Americas, such as the Guane, the Panche performed cranial deformation.[5]
According to Pedro Simón, the Panche performed cannibalism on parts of their conquered enemies.[7] Some sources state they ate everything except for the heads, which they hung in their bohíos.[8] However, later research by various researchers has found no evidence for cannibalism and attribute the cannibalistic ideas to the Spanish conquistadores.[9]
In terms of their burial practices the Panches differed from their neighbours that the dead were not oriented in a fixed position, like the Muisca with their heads to the east and the Muzo with their heads to the west.[10]
History
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The Magdalena River formed the western boundary of the Panche with the Pijao and Pantágora
The Panche civilization has been described from 300 AD onwards.[1] Around the year 1000 migrations from the Caribbean coast of Colombia happened inward.[11]
After the Spanish conquest and the installation of the New Kingdom of Granada, the Panche quickly diminished due to their resistance against the Spanish conquistadores.[12] The first Spanish conquerors who invaded the Panche territories were Juan de Céspedes and Alonso de San Martín.[7] Later conquest was performed by Hernán Venegas Carrillo.
More than 2000 artefacts from the Panche are stored in the Museo del Oro in Bogotá.[5]
1543–44 - Expedition Hernán Venegas Carrillo
edit| Name | Department | Date | Year | Note(s) | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bituima | Cundinamarca | 15 August | 1543 | [13] | |
| Chaguaní | Cundinamarca | 1543 | [14] | | |
| Apulo | Cundinamarca | 5 January | 1544 | [15] | |
| Tocaima | Cundinamarca | 20 March | 1544 | [16] | |
See also
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References
edit- ^ a b c The lost Panches
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Panche". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ (in Spanish) Meaning Panche according to Pedro Simón
- ^ De Perdomo, 1975, p.249-250
- ^ a b c d Martínez, 2005
- ^ (in Spanish) Petroglyphs of the Panche people
- ^ a b De Perdomo, 1975, p.253
- ^ (in Spanish) Cannibalism of the Panche - El Espectador
- ^ Francis, 1993, pp.14-15
- ^ De Perdomo, 1975, p.275
- ^ (in Spanish) Panche culture and migrations
- ^ Chair of the Panche chief, resistance against the Spanish
- ^ (in Spanish) Official website Bituima[permanent dead link]
- ^ (in Spanish) Official website Chaguaní Archived 2015-05-16 at archive.today
- ^ (in Spanish) Official website Apulo[permanent dead link]
- ^ (in Spanish) Official website Tocaima Archived 2014-03-10 at archive.today
Bibliography
edit- Francis, John Michael (1993), "Muchas hipas, no minas" The Muiscas, a merchant society: Spanish misconceptions and demographic change (M.A.) (M.A.), University of Alberta, pp. 1–118
- Martínez, Ángel (2005), Los Panches - Los inconquistables Panches del Magdalena - The Panche - the unconquerable Panches of the Magdalena River (in Spanish), Liliana Pérez Illera, Ángel Martínez T & MJ Editores, pp. 1–207, ISBN 9789589760703, OL 13072896M, retrieved 2016-07-08
- De Perdomo, Lucia R. (1975), Excavacaciones arqueológicas en zona Panche - Guaduas, Cundinamarca - Archaeological excavations in the Panche area - Guaduas, Cundinamarca (PDF) (in Spanish), pp. 247–289, retrieved 2016-07-08