Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan

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Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388 (1935), also known as the Hot Oil case, was a case in which the US Supreme Court ruled that the Franklin Roosevelt administration's prohibition of interstate and foreign trade in petroleum goods produced in excess of state quotas, the "hot oil" orders adopted under the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), was unconstitutional.

Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
Argued December 10–11, 1934
Decided January 7, 1935
Full case namePanama Refining Co., et al. v. Ryan, et al.
Citations293 U.S. 388 (more)
55 S. Ct. 241; 79 L. Ed. 446; 1935 U.S. LEXIS 251
Holding
Specific parameters must be laid down in the delegation of power to the President to enforce legislative statutes.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Charles E. Hughes
Associate Justices
Willis Van Devanter · James C. McReynolds
Louis Brandeis · George Sutherland
Pierce Butler · Harlan F. Stone
Owen Roberts · Benjamin N. Cardozo
Case opinions
MajorityHughes, joined by Van Devanter, McReynolds, Brandeis, Sutherland, Butler, Stone, Roberts
DissentCardozo

The ruling was the first of several that overturned key elements of the administration's New Deal legislative program. The relevant section 9(c) of the NIRA was found to be an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power, as it permitted presidential interdiction of trade without defining criteria for the application of the proposed restriction.

The finding thus differed from later rulings that argued that federal government action affecting intrastate production breached the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. In Panama v. Ryan, the Court found that Congress had violated the nondelegation doctrine by vesting the President with legislative powers without clear guidelines and by giving the President enormous and unchecked powers. The omission of congressional guidance on state petroleum production ceilings occasioned the adverse ruling because it allowed the executive to assume the role of the legislature.

Justice Cardozo dissented and claimed that the guidelines had been sufficient.

See also

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Further reading

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  • Hart, James (1942). "Limits of Legislative Delegation". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 221: 87–100. doi:10.1177/000271624222100114. JSTOR 1023967. S2CID 144182838.
  • Larkin, John Day (1937). "The Trade Agreement Act in Court and in Congress". American Political Science Review. 31 (3): 498–507. doi:10.2307/1948168. JSTOR 1948168. S2CID 146981948.
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