Palaeoloxodon naumanni, occasionally called Naumann's elephant,[1] is an extinct species belonging to the genus Palaeoloxodon found in the Japanese archipelago during the Middle to Late Pleistocene around 330,000 to 24,000 years ago. It is named after Heinrich Edmund Naumann who discovered the first fossils at Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. Fossils attributed to P. naumanni are also known from China and Korea, though the status of these specimens is unresolved, and some authors regard them as belonging to separate species.
| Palaeoloxodon naumanni Temporal range: Middle to Late Pleistocene
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Proboscidea |
| Family: | Elephantidae |
| Genus: | †Palaeoloxodon |
| Species: | †P. naumanni
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| Binomial name | |
| †Palaeoloxodon naumanni (Makiyama, 1924)
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| Synonyms | |
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Description edit
Palaeoloxodon naumanni, like other members of the genus Palaeoloxodon had a parietal-occipital crest on the top of the skull. In comparison to other Eurasian species of Palaeoloxodon, the parietal-occipital crest was only weakly developed.[2] P. naumanni has a reconstructed shoulder height of 2–2.8 metres (6.6–9.2 ft), with males being noticeably larger than females. The tusks were upward curving and somewhat twisted in males, but were relatively straight and untwisted in females, and reached a maximum length of about 2.2–2.4 metres (7.2–7.9 ft) and a maximum diameter of 20 centimetres (7.9 in).[3]
Discovery and nomenclature edit
In 1860, the first fossil record was found at Yokosuka and the bottom of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Heinrich Edmund Naumann researched and reported these fossils in “Ueber japanische Elephanten der Vorzeit” (1882). Naumann classified the fossil as Elephas namadicus Falconer & Cautley. In 1924, Jiro Makiyama researched fossils found in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, and, in his in “Notes on a Fossil Elephant from Sahamma, Totomi”, reported that the elephant was a previously unidentified subspecies, and designated the fossil Elephas namadicus naumannni. Tadao Kamei identified Elephas namadicus naumanni as a new species, called Palaeoloxodon naumanni, from fossils found at Lake Nojiri. It has also been called Elephas naumanni.[4]
Remains from mainland China and Korea have been attributed to this species by some authors. However, other authors attribute the Chinese remains, which are considerably larger than Japanese P. naumanii, to the separate species P. huaihoensis, originally named as a subspecies of P. naumanni.[2]
Distribution edit
P. naumanni is known from hundreds of localities across the Japanese archipelago, north to Hokkaido,[3] where during the Late Pleistocene it alternated with the woolly mammoth during warmer intervals.[5] It is suggested that it preferred temperate forested habitats, including broad-leaved trees and conifers.[3]
Evolution and extinction edit
The oldest known date for the species is around 330,000 years ago,[3] when it seems to have replaced the earlier proboscidean Stegodon orientalis, which had arrived from mainland East Asia several hundred thousand years earlier.[6] The most recent reliable dates for the species are around 24,000 years Before Present (BP), during the early stages of the Last Glacial Maximum. Any more recent dates are considered unreliable.[7]
Relationship with humans edit
Bones of P. naumanni alongside those of the extinct giant deer Sinomegaceros yabei at Lake Nojiri in Nagano Prefecture dating to approximately 37,900 years BP have been found together with many lithic and bone tool artifacts, suggesting that the elephants were butchered by humans at the site.[8]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Norihisa, Inuzuka; Hasegawa, Yoshikazu; Nogariya, Hiroshi; Kamei, Tadao (31 Jan 1975). "On the Stylohyoid Bone of Naumann's Elephant (Elephas naumanni MAKIYAMA) from Lake Nojiri" (PDF). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Geology and Mineralogy. 41 (1): 49. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- ^ a b Larramendi, Asier; Zhang, Hanwen; Palombo, Maria Rita; Ferretti, Marco P. (February 2020). "The Evolution of Palaeoloxodon Skull Structure: Disentangling Phylogenetic, Sexually Dimorphic, Ontogenetic, and Allometric Morphological Signals". Quaternary Science Reviews. 229: 106090. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106090. S2CID 213676377.
- ^ a b c d Takahashi, Keiichi (2022-10-29). "An Overview of Palaeloxodon naumanni, the Palaeoloxodon (Elephantidae) of the Far East: Distribution, Morphology and Habitat". Historical Biology: 1–18. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2132857. ISSN 0891-2963.
- ^ "ナウマン象に出会った石器たち「－３万５千年前の石器製作跡か？－」" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011.
- ^ Takahashi, Keiichi; Soeda, Yuji; Izuho, Masami; Yamada, Goro; Akamatsu, Morio; Chang, Chun-Hsiang (April 2006). "The Chronological Record of the Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in Japan, and its Temporary Replacement by Palaeoloxodon naumanni During MIS 3 in Hokkaido (northern Japan)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 233 (1–2): 1–10. Bibcode:2006PPP...233....1T. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.08.006.
- ^ YOSHIKAWA, Shusaku; KAWAMURA, Yoshinari; TARUNO, Hiroyuki (March 2007). "Land Bridge Formation and Proboscidean Immigration into the Japanese Islands During the Quaternary" (PDF). Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University. 50: 1–6.
- ^ Iwase, Akira; Hashizume, Jun; Izuho, Masami; Takahashi, Keiichi; Sato, Hiroyuki (March 2012). "Timing of Megafaunal Extinction in the Late Late Pleistocene on the Japanese Archipelago". Quaternary International. 255: 114–124. Bibcode:2012QuInt.255..114I. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.029.
- ^ Kondo, Y.; Takeshita, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Seki, M.; Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group (April 2018). "Geology and Quaternary Environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic Site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, Central Japan". Quaternary International. 471: 385–395. Bibcode:2018QuInt.471..385K. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.012.
External links edit
