Erythrocyte fragility refers to the propensity of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBC) to hemolyse (rupture) under stress. It can be thought of as the degree or proportion of hemolysis that occurs when a sample of red blood cells are subjected to stress (typically physical stress, and most commonly osmotic and/or mechanical stress). Depending on the application as well as the kind of fragility involved, the amount of stress applied and/or the significance of the resultant hemolysis may vary.[citation needed]
| Erythrocyte fragility | |
|---|---|
| MeSH | D009996 |
When multiple levels of stress are applied to a given population/sample of cells, a fragility profile can be obtained by measuring the relative or absolute extent of hemolysis existing at each such level,[1] in addition to finding one or more single-number indexes[2] (either measured directly or interpolated) associated with particular respective levels of hemolysis and/or corresponding stress. Fragility testing can be useful to assess cells' ability (or lack thereof) to withstand sustained or repeated stress. Moreover, it can be used to assess how fragility itself varies under different or changing environmental or stress conditions, during or prior to the inducement of the hemolysis. Low fragility is often termed "stability," though technically stability refers to cells' resistance to both stress-induced lysis and spontaneous auto-lysis.[citation needed]
Erythrocyte osmotic fragility
editOsmotic fragility (OF) refers to the degree or proportion of hemolysis that occurs when a sample of red blood cells are subjected to osmotic stress by being placed in a hypotonic solution. Osmotic fragility is affected by various factors, including membrane composition and integrity as well as the cells' sizes or surface-area-to-volume ratios.[3][4][5]
The osmotic fragility test is common in hematology, and is often performed to aid with diagnosis of diseases associated with RBC membrane abnormalities. Some diseases linked to increased OF include hereditary spherocytosis and hypernatremia, while some linked to decreased OF include chronic liver disease, iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, hyponatremia, polycythemia vera, hereditary xerocytosis,[6] and sickle cell anemia after splenectomy.[7]
New approaches to testing OF are under development to better facilitate its use in disease diagnosis and screening, such as by utilizing microfluidic devices along with cell counting.[8]
Erythrocyte mechanical fragility
editMechanical fragility (MF) refers to the degree or proportion of hemolysis that occurs when a sample of red blood cells are subjected to mechanical stress, such as (typically) some kind of shear stress. Yet unlike with osmotic fragility, no single approach for testing mechanical fragility has yet gained sufficient acceptance to enable standardization.[9] This has led to some insurance companies not currently covering the test.[10]
Uses of erythrocyte mechanical fragility can include diagnostic testing,[11] calibrations to aid comparisons of hemolysis caused by blood-handling devices,[9] or assessment of sublethal (i.e., non-hemolysing) damage caused to cells from devices that manipulate blood (such as for dialysis[12] or intraoperative autotransfusion[13]). It can also help in assessing damage of stored RBC product[14] (so-called "storage lesion"), leading to applications in blood transfusion and blood banking.
It's also notable that there can be a qualitative difference between a mechanical fragility test involving a comparatively lower energy stress, such as by agitating one or more beads in the presence of the sample (a common approach[15]), versus a higher energy stress, such as by applying ultrasound to the sample.[16] The difference is that the lower-energy category of stress can more prominently reflect cell membrane properties, whereas the higher-energy category largely reflects other properties like hemoglobin viscosity and cell size. Viscous or fluidic-mechanical stresses can be of either sort.[citation needed]
Mechanical fragility is increased in the cases of sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis etc. .
Related erythrocyte properties
editSusceptibility to hemolysis from causes other than osmotic or mechanical forces are not as common, but may sometimes be referred to in terms of fragility or stability. For example, photons or radicals can induce hemolysis.Erythrocytes/RBC may also be tested for related membrane properties aside from fragility, including erythrocyte deformability and cell morphology. Morphology can be measured by indexes which characterize shape changes of differences among cells. Deformability testing involves measuring the degree or ease of cells' contortion or shape change under a given level of applied force - or some indirect inference of the like. Other related red blood cell properties can include adhesion and aggregation, which along with deformability are often classed as RBC "flow properties."[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ Greenaway, Chris (January 31, 2012). "Osmotic fragility test". spherocytosis.info. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012.
- ^ DE KRETSER AJ, WALDRON HA (1963). "The Mechanical Fragility of the Red Cell in Patients with Lead Poisoning". Br J Ind Med. 20 (4): 316–9. doi:10.1136/oem.20.4.316. PMC 1039189. PMID 14072624.
- ^ Rodak, Bernadette F.; et al. (2007). Hematology: clinical principles and applications. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-4160-3006-5.
- ^ Fischbach, Frances Talaska; Dunning, Marshall Barnett (2008). A manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests (8th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7817-7194-8.
- ^ Greer, John P.; et al., eds. (2008). Wintrobe's clinical hematology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 805. ISBN 978-0-7817-6507-7.
- ^ "How is hereditary spherocytosis (HS) differentiated from hereditary xerocytosis (HX)?". Archived from the original on 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
- ^ "Osmotic Fragility is a test for hereditary spherocytosis - ClinLab Navigator". clinlabnavigator.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-07. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ Chen, Hongda; Ye, Datian; Wu, Hongkai; Peng, Fei; Li, Jing; Su, Jing; Li, Lei (2012-07-30). "A microfluidic platform for osmotic fragility test of red blood cells". RSC Advances. 2 (18): 7161–7165. Bibcode:2012RSCAd...2.7161L. doi:10.1039/C2RA20051A.
- ^ a b Gu, Lei; Smith, William A.; Chatzimavroudis, George P. (2005). "Mechanical Fragility Calibration of Red Blood Cells". ASAIO Journal. 51 (3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 194–201. doi:10.1097/01.mat.0000161940.30190.6d. ISSN 1058-2916.
- ^ "Obsolete and Unreliable Tests and Procedures". aetna.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ "2021 Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Fee Schedule" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ Kameneva, Marina V.; Marad, Paul F.; Brugger, James M.; Repko, Brandon M.; Wang, John H.; Moran, John; Borovetz, Harvey S. (2002). "In Vitro Evaluation of Hemolysis and Sublethal Blood Trauma in a Novel Subcutaneous Vascular Access System for Hemodialysis". ASAIO Journal. 48 (1). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 34–38. doi:10.1097/00002480-200201000-00008. ISSN 1058-2916.
- ^ Yazer M. H.; Waters J. H.; Elkin K. R.; Rohrbaugh M. E.; Kameneva M. V. (2008). "A comparison of hemolysis and red cell mechanical fragility in blood collected with different cell salvage suction devices". Transfusion. 48 (6): 1188–1191. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01670.x. PMID 18346016. S2CID 28610759.
- ^ Raval, J. S.; Waters, J. H.; Seltsam, A.; Scharberg, E. A.; Richter, E.; Daly, A. R.; Kameneva, M. V.; Yazer, M. H. (2010-07-27). "The use of the mechanical fragility test in evaluating sublethal RBC injury during storage". Vox Sanguinis. 99 (4). Wiley: 325–331. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01365.x. ISSN 0042-9007.
- ^ Baskurt, O.K.; Hardeman, M.R.; Rampling, M.W. (2007). Handbook of Hemorheology and Hemodynamics. Biomedical and Health Research. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-60750-263-0. Archived from the original on 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
- ^ Tarssanen, L. (1976). "Hemolysis by ultrasound. A comparative study of the osmotic and ultrasonic fragility tests". Scandinavian Journal of Haematology. Supplementum. 29: 1–59. ISSN 0080-6722. PMID 1064894.