Deinopis, also known as net-casting spiders, gladiator spiders and ogre-faced spiders,[2] is a genus of net-casting spiders that was first described by W. S. MacLeay in 1839.[3] Its distribution is widely tropical and subtropical. They catch their prey using a specially spun "net". The name is derived from the Greek δεινός (deinos), meaning "fearful", and opis, meaning "appearance", referring to their ogre-like faces. The spelling "Dinopis" is also found, but is regarded as an "unjustified emendation".[1]
| Deinopis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Deinopis subrufa | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Deinopidae |
| Genus: | Deinopis MacLeay, 1839[1] |
| Type species | |
| D. lamia MacLeay, 1839
| |
| Species | |
|
20, see text | |
Net-casting
editSpiders in the genus Deinopis catch their prey in an unusual fashion. They first spin a small upright rectangular cribellate web. This is then detached from its supporting threads and held horizontally above the ground by the spider's long front two pairs of legs while the spider hangs almost vertically. Passing prey is then captured by dropping the "net" over it.[2]
Eyes
editThe two posterior median eyes are enlarged and forward-facing.[4] These eyes have a wide field of view and are able to gather available light more efficiently than the eyes of cats and owls, and are 2000 times more sensitive to light than human photoreceptors.[5] This is despite the fact that they lack a reflective layer (tapetum lucidum); instead, each night, a large area of light-sensitive membrane is manufactured within the eyes, and destroyed at dawn, with the membrane being converted into vesicles which are then lysed in the inter-rhabdoneral cytoplasm.[6] To aid further in netting prey, the spider places white fecal spots on the surface below the net and uses them for aiming.[7] Spiders also lack ears, but Deinopis use hairs and receptors (slit sensillae) on their legs to distinguish sounds at a distance of up to 2 meters.[8][9]
Species
editAs of November 2022[update] it contains twenty species:[1]
- D. amica Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1957 – Argentina, Uruguay
- D. armaticeps Mello-Leitão, 1925 – Brazil
- D. biaculeata Simon, 1906 – Brazil
- D. bituberculata Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
- D. bucculenta Schenkel, 1953 – Venezuela
- D. cylindracea C. L. Koch, 1846 – Colombia
- D. diabolica Kraus, 1956 – El Salvador
- D. fastigata Simon, 1906 – Brazil
- D. granadensis Keyserling, 1879 – Colombia
- D. guasca Mello-Leitão, 1943 – Brazil
- D. guianensis Taczanowski, 1874 – French Guiana
- D. lamia MacLeay, 1839 (type) – Cuba, Puerto Rico
- D. longipes F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – Mexico to Panama
- D. pallida Mello-Leitão, 1939 – Brazil
- D. pardalis Simon, 1906 – Brazil
- D. plurituberculata Mello-Leitão, 1925 – Brazil
- D. rodophthalma Mello-Leitão, 1939 – Brazil
- D. seriata Simon, 1906 – Brazil
- D. spinosa Marx, 1889 – USA, St. Vincent, Venezuela
- D. tuboculata Franganillo, 1926 – Cuba
References
edit- ^ a b c Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2022). "Gen. Deinopis MacLeay, 1839". World Spider Catalog Version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ a b Leong, T.M. & Foo, S.K. (2009), "An encounter with the net-casting spider, Deinopis species in Singapore (Araneae: Deinopidae)" (PDF), Nature in Singapore, 2: 247–255, retrieved 2015-09-28
- ^ MacLeay, W. S. (1839). "On some new forms of Arachnida". Annals of Natural History. 2 (7): 1–2.
- ^ Culver, Jordan. "Ogre-faced spiders don't need ears to 'hear' their prey, study finds. These large-eyed nocturnal predators snag food out of the air". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
- ^ Chamberland, Lisa; Agnarsson, Ingi; Quayle, Iris L.; Ruddy, Tess; Starrett, James; Bond, Jason E. (2022). "Biogeography and eye size evolution of the ogre-faced spiders". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 17769. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1217769C. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22157-5. PMC 9588044. PMID 36273015.
- ^ Blest, A. D. (1978). "The rapid synthesis and destruction of photoreceptor membrane by a dinopid spider: A daily cycle". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences. 200 (1141): 463–483. Bibcode:1978RSPSB.200..463B. doi:10.1098/rspb.1978.0027. S2CID 85388527.
- ^ "How spiders see the world". Australian Museum. 2015-10-30. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
- ^ "Ogre-Faced Spiders: These Spiders Can Hear – Even Though They Have No Ears". SciTechDaily. 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
- ^ "Ogre-faced spiders have great hearing—without ears". Animals. 2020-10-29. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-27.