During the Middle Ages, the counts of Blois were among the most powerful vassals of the King of France.
| Count of Blois | |
|---|---|
.svg)  Arms of the House of Blois | |
| Creation date | 832 |
| Created by | Louis the Pious |
| Peerage | Nobility of France |
| First holder | William, Count of Blois |
| Last holder | Gaston, Duke of Orléans |
| Subsidiary titles |
|
| Status | Dissolved |
| Extinction date | 1660 |
| Seat(s) | Château of Blois |
This title of nobility seems to have been created in 832 by Emperor Louis the Pious for William, the youngest son of Adrian, Count of Orléans. Over a few decades, the county was gathered to the royal lands of France until the end of the 9th century, before being relegated to the status of viscount.
From its autonomy around 940 to the definitive integration to the Duchy of Orleans in 1397, the county was directed by the son of the last viscount's descendants, Theobald I. His descendants, called House of Blois ended up related to a large number of European noble families.
In 1397, the title was ceded by Count Guy II in the favor of Duke Louis I of Orléans, who was the second son of King Charles V. The very last hereditary count of Blois was his grandson, Duke Louis II, who annexed the county to the Crown lands of France when he was crowned King of France in 1498 under the name of Louis XII.
The title reappeared in 1626 when Duke Gaston of Orléans was offered a newly independent County of Blois from Orléans, but King Louis XIV refused this favor to his brother, Duke Philippe, when he received the traditional apanage in 1660.
Carolingian county (832–c.900)
editIt is likely, but not certain, that the title of count of Blois was granted before the year 832.
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Other titles | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| William of Orléans (died in 834) |
832–834 | None | Son of Count Adrian of Orléans, he was invested with the title of first Count of Blois by King Louis the Pious,[1] being his father's vassal. By 834, he allied with King Pepin I of Aquitaine so that the latter could recover his kingdom, which had been given to his half–brother, King Charles II.[2] The mission was successful, but William died, with no descendants. His brother Odo was appointed as his heir but died the same day. | |
|
Robert the Strong (c. 815 – Sept. 866) |
834–866 | Margrave of Neustria Count of Orléans Count of Tours Count of Anjou Count of Auxerre Count of Nevers |
Supposed son of Count Robert III of Worms and Waldrade, the last daughter of Count Adrian, who would have inherited the county as a dowry following the death of her two brothers and her husband in the war against King Charles II. He inherited the county of Orléans around 860 following the fall of Count William of Orléans, uncle of the previous one.[1] |
| Hugh the Abbot (died in 886) |
866–886 | Margrave of Neustria Count of Paris Count of Orléans Count of Tours Count of Anjou Count of Auxerre Count of Nevers |
Son of Count Conrad I of Auxerre and Adelaide of Tours, he was Robert the Strong's sworn enemy before his death, but he inherited his possessions and raised Robert's two orphaned sons, Odo and Robert I.[3] | |
|
Odo (died in 898) |
886–888 | King of the Franks Margrave of Neustria Count of Paris Count of Orléans Count of Tours Count of Anjou |
Eldest son of Robert the Strong, elected King of the Franks by 888, he decided to pass on his other titles to his brother Robert I. |
|
Robert I (died in 923) |
888 – c. 900 | Margrave of Neustria Count of Paris Count of Orléans Count of Tours |
Younger brother of the previous one, he was not elected King when his brother died in 898. He focused on the counties of Paris and Orléans, and he decided to gradually delegate the management of Blésois, Touraine and Anjou to viscounts.[4] |
Viscounts during the Robertian era (before 900–940)
edit| Portrait | Name | Reign | Other titles | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garnegaud (died after 906) |
before 896– after 906 | Count of Chartres | Garnegaud and his wife Helena have no known heirs. As the Thibaldians were present in Blois in the 920s, this would place Garnegaud's death in the 910s. | |
| Theobald the Elder (c. 890 – died in 940) |
before 921–940 | Viscount of Tours | He was made Viscount of Tours in 909, then Viscount of Blois. He married Richilde. |
House of Blois (956–1230)
edit| Portrait | Name | Reign | Other titles | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theobald I, aka Theobald the Trickster (c. 910–977) |
940–977 | Count of Tours Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun Lord of Provins Lord of Chinon Lord of Saumur |
Son of Theobald the Elder and Richilde. He was a fathful vassal of Hugh the Great which entrusted him with a vast county around 940 including Tours, Blois, Chartres and Châteaudun. He married Countess Luitgarde of Vermandois. During the infancy of Hugh Capet (956–960), Theobald became autonomous and get close to the Carolingian King Lothair II. Theobald enforced many territories or build many fortresses like Vierzon, Sancerre, Chinon, Saumur, Beaugency, and Provins. | |
|
Odo I (c. 950 – died in 996) |
977–996 | Count of Tours Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun Count of Provins Count of Reims Count of Beauvais Count of Dreux |
Second son of Count Theobald I and Luitgarde, he succeeded to his father after his brother's death in Normandy. He attacked Count Bouchard I of Vendôme, a King Hugh Capet's ally, and conquered Melun. He bought his alleagence to the King by giving the county of Dreux to him. He married the Carolingian Bertha of Burgundy. |
|
Theobald II (c. 983 – 11 July 1004) |
996–1004 | Count of Tours Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun Count of Provins Count of Reims Count of Beauvais |
Elder son of Count Odo I, her reign was mainly supervized by his mother, who remarried King Robert II. The King took back Tours from Count Fulk III of Anjou, but Theobald died due to exhaustion on the way back from Rome in 1004, when he was 19. |
|
Odo II (c. 985 – 15 Nov. 1037) |
1004–1037 | Count of Tours Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun Count of Provins Count of Reims Count of Beauvais Count of Sancerre Count of Meaux Count of Troyes |
Younger brother of Count Theobald II, he declared war to all his neighbors, and refused to give back his dowry (half of the county of Dreux) to Duke Richard II of Normandy. He continued to fight against Count Fulk III of Anjou, and finally won against him, but he was defeated in his turn in Pontlevoy by Count Herbert I of Maine. By 1022, he inherited the county of Troyes and Meaux from his cousin, and gathered the Blois-Champagne territory. Since he was also son of Bertha of Burgundy, he claimed his succession rights over the Kingdom of Arles from 1032 onwards, but he was killed next to Bar-le-Duc 5 years later. |
|
|
Theobald III (c. 1019 – Sept. 1089) |
1037–1089 | Count of Tours Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun Count of Provins Count of Reims Count of Beauvais Count of Sancerre Count of Meaux Count of Troyes Lord of Château-Thierry |
Elder son of Odo II, who transmitted him the county, but Theobald refused to recognize King Henry I's legitimacy. As a result, the king took the county of Tours back to give it to his ally, Count Geoffrey IV of Anjou, after the battle of Nouy of 1044. He gathered again his father's territories of Blois and Champagne by getting rid of his cousin, Odo, and established Champagne as a proper county. He married Gersent of Le Mans, the daughter of his father's foe.[5] |
|
Stephen (c. 1045 – died in 1102) |
1089–1102 | Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun Count of Provins Count of Sancerre Count of Meaux Count of Reims |
Elder son of Theobald III, he married Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. Under his wife's influence, he was among the first noblemen in responding to Pope Urban II's call for the First Crusade. With other counts, he fell out of favor when they left the Siege of Antioch, but Count Stephen found a more honorable death at the second battle of Ramla of 1102. His second son was King Stephen of England (1135–1154). |
|
Theobald IV aka Theobald the Great (c. 1090/1095 – 10 Jan. 1152) |
1102–1152 | Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun Count of Troyes Count of Champagne Lord of Sancerre |
First son of Stephen II and Adela of Normandy, his reign was managed by his mother until his majority. He faced upheavals from his vassal Hugh III of Le Puiset. When his uncle went to the Holy Land, he inherited the County of Champagne. He was approached by the Norman barons to become king of England, who also called on him to become their duke but, in the end, his brother Stephen was chosen in 1135. Instead, he turned the Champagne into a powerful county, and founded the Champagne fairs. |
|
|
Theobald V aka Theobald the Good (1130 – died in 1191) |
1152–1191 | Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun |
When his father Theobald IV died, his territories were split between his sons, among which Theobald received the county of Blois and the Champagne was offered to Henry. Theobald tried to conquer Vendôme and took part of Henry the Young King's rebellion to reconquer Tours. He married Alice of France and, as a consequence, entered into the royal family. With his nephew Count Henry II of Champagne, he joined the Third Crusade, but was killed during the Siege of Acre in 1191. |
|
Louis I (1171 – 14 April 1205) |
1191–1205 | Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun Duke of Nicaea |
Son of Theobald V, whom he beneathed the county from. He married Catherine of Clermont, who was the heiress of the county of Clermont. He was also part of the Fourth Crusade, and was made in 1204 duke of Nicaea, Anatolia. He was killed the following year, during the Battle of Adrianople, on April 14. |
|
Theobald VI (1190–1218) |
1205–1218 | Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun Count of Clermont |
Unique son of Count Louis, he inherited both counties of Blois and Clermont. He got leprosy when he travelled to Spain, and died in 1218 while being recluse and having no descendant. The counties of Blois, Chartres, and Châteaudun were split between his aunts, Lady Margaret and Lady Isabelle. |
|
Margaret (1170 – Sept. 1230) |
1218–1230 | Countess of Châteaudun | Third daughter of Theobald V and Alice of France, she inherited the counties of Blois and Châteaudun when her nephew died. Her husband, Walter II of Avesnes, was the jure uxoris count during her life. |
House of Avesnes (1230–1241)
editTitle held by House of Avesnes.
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Other titles | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mary (c. 1200 – 1241) |
1230–1241 | Countess of Châteaudun Lady of Avesnes Lady of Bohain Lady of Guise |
Daughter of Countess Margaret and Walter II of Avesnes, she inherited all her parents' domains, and thus became countess of Blois and Châteaudun, and lady of Avesnes, Bohain, and Guise. She married |Count Hugh I of St Pol who was the jure uxoris count during her reign. |
House of Châtillon (1241–1397)
editTitle held by House of Châtillon.
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Other titles | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
John I (died in 1279) |
1241–1279 | Count of Chartres Count of Châteaudun Lord of Avesnes Lord of Guise |
Son of Countess Mary and Count Hugh, he was count of Blois, then count of Dunois and Chartres, and lord of Avesnes and Guise. |
|
Joan (c. 1253 – 29 Jan. 1292) |
1279–1292 | Countess of Chartres Countess of Châteaudun Lady of Guise |
Daughter of Count John and Lady Alix of Britanny. She sold the county of Chartres to King Philip IV, and died a few years later. Her holdings were transmitted to her cousin, Hugh. |
|
Hugh II (9 April 1258 – 1307) |
1292–1307 | Count of Châteaudun | Grandson of Countess Mary through his father, Count Guy III of St Pol, he renounced to the county of St Pol when he received that of Blois by 1292. |
|
Guy I (1298–1342) |
1307–1342 | Count of Châteaudun Lord of Fréteval Lord of Château-Renault |
Son of Count Hugh II and Béatrice of Dampierre, he was part of the beginning of the Hundred Years' War when it broke out in 1337, along with his brother-in-law, King Philip VI. |
|
|
Louis II (1320–1346) |
1342–1346 | Count of Châteaudun Lord of Fréteval |
Son of Count Guy and Margaret of Valois, he beneathed the county of Blois and Dunois, but died during the battle of Crécy, in northern France. |
|
|
Louis III (bef. 1340–1372) |
1346–1372 | Count of Châteaudun Count of Soissons Lord of Fréteval |
Son of Count Louis I, he succeeded to his father when he was a child, so her mother was regent during his reign's first years. He died with no heirs and devolved by his wills the counties of Blois and Avesnes to his brother, John. |
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John II (1340–1381) |
1372–1381 | Count of Châteaudun Count of Soissons Lord of Fréteval |
Brother of Count Louis II, he died with no heirs after losing the War of the Guelderian Succession. |
|
|
Guy II (1346 – 22 Dec. 1397) |
1381–1397 | Count of Châteaudun Lord of Fréteval |
Brother of the two precedent counts, he was born a few months after his fater's death. He inherited the counties of his brother John II and all his close family's remaining territories: Blois, Châteaudun, Soissons, and Avesnes. By 1360, he was taken prisoner by the English as a consequence of treaty of Brétigny. His release costed him the county of Soissons. In 1374, he married his cousin Marie of Namur, with whom he had a son, Lord Louis III, who died in 1391. Therefore, Guy decided to give his titles to Duke Louis I of Orléans (even though there were closer heirs in the House of Blois-Châtillon). From 1391 to his death, he remained the usufructuary count of Blois. |
House of Orléans (1397–1498, 1626–1660)
edit| Portrait | Name | Reign | Other titles | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Louis I of Orléans (13 March 1372 – 23 Nov. 1407) |
1397–1407 | Duke of Orléans Duke of Touraine Count of Valois Count of Soissons Count of Angoulême Count of Vertus |
Second son of King Charles V, Orléanais is given to him as an apanage in 1392, then he received the full rights on Bloisian when Count Guy II died in 1397. He was assassinated on the Duke of Burgundy's order, John the Fearless. |
|
Charles of Orléans (24 Nov. 1394 – 5 Jan. 1465) |
1407–1465 | Duke of Orléans Count of Valois Count of Soissons |
Son of the precedent one. After a journey in England, he married Marie of Cleves, settled in the château of Blois then in Tours where he nogotiated a truce in 1444 which eventually would end up the Hundred Years' War. |
|
Louis II of Orléans, then Louis XII of France (27 June 1462 – 1st Jan. 1515) |
1465–1498 | Duke of Orléans Count of Valois King of France (after 1498) |
Son of the precedent one. Born in the château of Blois, he went to Amboise when King Charles VIII died in 1498. He was immediately crowned under the name Louis XII. As a consequence, the duchy of Orléans came back to the Crown's lands, and the entire King's court moved to Blois. |
On August 6, 1626, after a failed conspiracy in Nantes, Duke Gaston reluctantly accepted to marry the wealthy lady Duchess Marie of Montpensier, as Cardinal Richelieu wanted him to do. As a gift, he received the duchies of Orléans and of Chartres, plus the county of Blois.
| Portrait | Name | Reign | Other titles | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gaston of Orléans (24 April 1608 – 2 Feb. 1660) |
1626–1660 | Duke of Orléans Duke of Valois Duke of Anjou Duke of Chartres Lord of Montargis |
Second son of King Henry IV, the county was gifted to him as an apanage once he married Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier in 1626. |
When Gaston died, his Orléans-based apanage came back to the Crown. King Louis XIV decided to give it to his own younger brother, Duke Philippe, excepted Bloisian (and so the châteaux of Blois and Chambord) as well as Languedoc. Therefore, the county became definitively part of French territory.
References
edit- ^ a b Merlet 1900, p. 14.
- ^ Michel-Jean-François Ozeray (1834). Histoire générale, civile et religieuse de la cité des Carnutes et du pays Chartrain, vulgairement appelé la Beauce, depuis la premiere migration des Gaulois jusqu'à l'année de Jésus-Christ 1697, époque de la dernière scission de notre territoire par l'établissement du diocese de Blois - Volume 2 (in French). p. 111. ISBN 978-1271144358..
- ^ Michel-Jean-François Ozeray (1834). ibid (in French). p. 114. ISBN 978-1271144358.
- ^ Hélène Noizet (2007). La fabrique de la ville : espaces et sociétés à Tours (ixe – xiiie siècle) (in French). p. 101. ISBN 978-2-85944-572-0.
- ^ Evergates 1999, p. 11.
Sources
edit- Evergates, Theodore, ed. (1999). Aristocratic Women in Medieval France. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Merlet, Rene (1900). Les Comtes de Chartres de Chateaudun et de Blois, aux IX et X siecles (in French). Impriemerie Garnier.