Noetherian ring

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In mathematics, a Noetherian ring is a ring that satisfies the ascending chain condition on left and right ideals; if the chain condition is satisfied only for left ideals or for right ideals, then the ring is said left-Noetherian or right-Noetherian respectively. That is, every increasing sequence of left (or right) ideals has a largest element; that is, there exists an n such that:

Equivalently, a ring is left-Noetherian (respectively right-Noetherian) if every left ideal (respectively right-ideal) is finitely generated. A ring is Noetherian if it is both left- and right-Noetherian.

Noetherian rings are fundamental in both commutative and noncommutative ring theory since many rings that are encountered in mathematics are Noetherian (in particular the ring of integers, polynomial rings, and rings of algebraic integers in number fields), and many general theorems on rings rely heavily on the Noetherian property (for example, the Lasker–Noether theorem and the Krull intersection theorem).

Noetherian rings are named after Emmy Noether, but the importance of the concept was recognized earlier by David Hilbert, with the proof of Hilbert's basis theorem (which asserts that polynomial rings are Noetherian) and Hilbert's syzygy theorem.

Characterizations

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For noncommutative rings, it is necessary to distinguish between three very similar concepts:

  • A ring is left-Noetherian if it satisfies the ascending chain condition on left ideals.
  • A ring is right-Noetherian if it satisfies the ascending chain condition on right ideals.
  • A ring is Noetherian if it is both left- and right-Noetherian.

For commutative rings, all three concepts coincide, but in general they are different. There are rings that are left-Noetherian and not right-Noetherian, and vice versa.

There are other, equivalent, definitions for a ring R to be left-Noetherian:

Similar results hold for right-Noetherian rings.

The following condition is also an equivalent condition for a ring R to be left-Noetherian and it is Hilbert's original formulation:[2]

  • Given a sequence   of elements in R, there exists an integer   such that each   is a finite linear combination   with coefficients   in R.

For a commutative ring to be Noetherian it suffices that every prime ideal of the ring is finitely generated.[3] However, it is not enough to ask that all the maximal ideals are finitely generated, as there is a non-Noetherian local ring whose maximal ideal is principal (see a counterexample to Krull's intersection theorem at Local ring#Commutative case.)

Properties

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Examples

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Rings that are not Noetherian tend to be (in some sense) very large. Here are some examples of non-Noetherian rings:

  • The ring of polynomials in infinitely-many variables, X1, X2, X3, etc. The sequence of ideals (X1), (X1, X2), (X1, X2, X3), etc. is ascending, and does not terminate.
  • The ring of all algebraic integers is not Noetherian. For example, it contains the infinite ascending chain of principal ideals: (2), (21/2), (21/4), (21/8), ...
  • The ring of continuous functions from the real numbers to the real numbers is not Noetherian: Let In be the ideal of all continuous functions f such that f(x) = 0 for all xn. The sequence of ideals I0, I1, I2, etc., is an ascending chain that does not terminate.
  • The ring of stable homotopy groups of spheres is not Noetherian.[9]

However, a non-Noetherian ring can be a subring of a Noetherian ring. Since any integral domain is a subring of a field, any integral domain that is not Noetherian provides an example. To give a less trivial example,

  • The ring of rational functions generated by x and y /xn over a field k is a subring of the field k(x,y) in only two variables.

Indeed, there are rings that are right Noetherian, but not left Noetherian, so that one must be careful in measuring the "size" of a ring this way. For example, if L is a subgroup of Q2 isomorphic to Z, let R be the ring of homomorphisms f from Q2 to itself satisfying f(L) ⊂ L. Choosing a basis, we can describe the same ring R as

 

This ring is right Noetherian, but not left Noetherian; the subset IR consisting of elements with a = 0 and γ = 0 is a left ideal that is not finitely generated as a left R-module.

If R is a commutative subring of a left Noetherian ring S, and S is finitely generated as a left R-module, then R is Noetherian.[10] (In the special case when S is commutative, this is known as Eakin's theorem.) However, this is not true if R is not commutative: the ring R of the previous paragraph is a subring of the left Noetherian ring S = Hom(Q2, Q2), and S is finitely generated as a left R-module, but R is not left Noetherian.

A unique factorization domain is not necessarily a Noetherian ring. It does satisfy a weaker condition: the ascending chain condition on principal ideals. A ring of polynomials in infinitely-many variables is an example of a non-Noetherian unique factorization domain.

A valuation ring is not Noetherian unless it is a principal ideal domain. It gives an example of a ring that arises naturally in algebraic geometry but is not Noetherian.

Noetherian group rings

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Consider the group ring   of a group   over a ring  . It is a ring, and an associative algebra over   if   is commutative. For a group   and a commutative ring  , the following two conditions are equivalent.

  • The ring   is left-Noetherian.
  • The ring   is right-Noetherian.

This is because there is a bijection between the left and right ideals of the group ring in this case, via the  -associative algebra homomorphism

 
 

Let   be a group and   a ring. If   is left/right/two-sided Noetherian, then   is left/right/two-sided Noetherian and   is a Noetherian group. Conversely, if   is a Noetherian commutative ring and   is an extension of a Noetherian solvable group (i.e. a polycyclic group) by a finite group, then   is two-sided Noetherian. On the other hand, however, there is a Noetherian group   whose group ring over any Noetherian commutative ring is not two-sided Noetherian.[11]: 423, Theorem 38.1 

Key theorems

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Many important theorems in ring theory (especially the theory of commutative rings) rely on the assumptions that the rings are Noetherian.

Commutative case

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  • Over a commutative Noetherian ring, each ideal has a primary decomposition, meaning that it can be written as an intersection of finitely many primary ideals (whose radicals are all distinct) where an ideal Q is called primary if it is proper and whenever xyQ, either xQ or ynQ for some positive integer n. For example, if an element   is a product of powers of distinct prime elements, then   and thus the primary decomposition is a direct generalization of prime factorization of integers and polynomials.[12]
  • A Noetherian ring is defined in terms of ascending chains of ideals. The Artin–Rees lemma, on the other hand, gives some information about a descending chain of ideals given by powers of ideals  . It is a technical tool that is used to prove other key theorems such as the Krull intersection theorem.
  • The dimension theory of commutative rings behaves poorly over non-Noetherian rings; the very fundamental theorem, Krull's principal ideal theorem, already relies on the "Noetherian" assumption. Here, in fact, the "Noetherian" assumption is often not enough and (Noetherian) universally catenary rings, those satisfying a certain dimension-theoretic assumption, are often used instead. Noetherian rings appearing in applications are mostly universally catenary.

Non-commutative case

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Implication on injective modules

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Given a ring, there is a close connection between the behaviors of injective modules over the ring and whether the ring is a Noetherian ring or not. Namely, given a ring R, the following are equivalent:

  • R is a left Noetherian ring.
  • (Bass) Each direct sum of injective left R-modules is injective.[6]
  • Each injective left R-module is a direct sum of indecomposable injective modules.[13]
  • (Faith–Walker) There exists a cardinal number   such that each injective left module over R is a direct sum of  -generated modules (a module is  -generated if it has a generating set of cardinality at most  ).[14]
  • There exists a left R-module H such that every left R-module embeds into a direct sum of copies of H.[15]

The endomorphism ring of an indecomposable injective module is local[16] and thus Azumaya's theorem says that, over a left Noetherian ring, each indecomposable decomposition of an injective module is equivalent to one another (a variant of the Krull–Schmidt theorem).

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Lam (2001), p. 19
  2. ^ Eisenbud 1995, Exercise 1.1.
  3. ^ Cohen, Irvin S. (1950). "Commutative rings with restricted minimum condition". Duke Mathematical Journal. 17 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-50-01704-2. ISSN 0012-7094.
  4. ^ Matsumura 1989, Theorem 3.5.
  5. ^ Matsumura 1989, Theorem 3.6.
  6. ^ a b Anderson & Fuller 1992, Proposition 18.13.
  7. ^ Bourbaki 1989, Ch III, §2, no. 10, Remarks at the end of the number
  8. ^ Hotta, Takeuchi & Tanisaki (2008, §D.1, Proposition 1.4.6)
  9. ^ The ring of stable homotopy groups of spheres is not noetherian
  10. ^ Formanek & Jategaonkar 1974, Theorem 3
  11. ^ Ol’shanskiĭ, Aleksandr Yur’evich (1991). Geometry of defining relations in groups. Mathematics and Its Applications. Soviet Series. Vol. 70. Translated by Bakhturin, Yu. A. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3618-1. ISBN 978-0-7923-1394-6. ISSN 0169-6378. MR 1191619. Zbl 0732.20019.
  12. ^ Eisenbud 1995, Proposition 3.11.
  13. ^ Anderson & Fuller 1992, Theorem 25.6. (b)
  14. ^ Anderson & Fuller 1992, Theorem 25.8.
  15. ^ Anderson & Fuller 1992, Corollary 26.3.
  16. ^ Anderson & Fuller 1992, Lemma 25.4.

References

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