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List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

(Redirected from Nobel Laureate for Medicine)

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists in the various fields of physiology or medicine. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute.[2][3] While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. Because of this, the prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields.[3] The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, von Behring received 150,782 SEK, which was equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]

Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine

Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2009, 8 Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction by G proteins and second messengers, 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology and 13 have been awarded for contributions in intermediary metabolism.[3] In 1939 Gerhard Domagk, a German, was not allowed by his government to accept the prize. He later received a medal and diploma, but not the money.[6] As of 2024, the prize has been awarded to 229 individuals, thirteen of them were women (Gerty Cori being the first to be awarded in 1947).[7]

There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). There were also five years for which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Robert Bárány in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.[8] This precedent was followed for the 1922 prize awarded to Archibald Hill and Otto Fritz Meyerhof in 1923,[9] the 1926 prize awarded to Johannes Fibiger in 1927,[10] the 1938 prize awarded to Corneille Heymans in 1939,[11] and the 1943 prize awarded to Henrik Dam and Edward Adelbert Doisy in 1944.[12]

Laureates

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Year Image Laureate[A] Nationality[B] Rationale[C] Ref
1901   Emil von Behring
(1854–1917) 		  German "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths" [13]
1902   Sir Ronald Ross
(1857–1932) 		  British "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it" [14]
1903   Niels Ryberg Finsen
(1860–1904) 		  Danish "[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science" [15]
1904   Ivan Pavlov
(1849–1936) 		  Russian "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged" [16]
1905   Robert Koch
(1843–1910) 		  German "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis" [17]
1906   Camillo Golgi
(1843–1926) 		  Italian "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" [18]
  Santiago Ramón y Cajal
(1852–1934) 		  Spanish
1907   Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
(1845–1922) 		  French "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" [19]
1908   Élie Metchnikoff
(1845–1916) 		  Russian "in recognition of their work on immunity" [20]
  Paul Ehrlich
(1854–1915) 		  German
1909   Emil Theodor Kocher
(1841–1917) 		  Swiss "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" [21]
1910   Albrecht Kossel
(1853–1927) 		  German "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" [22]
1911   Allvar Gullstrand
(1862–1930) 		  Swedish "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" [23]
1912   Alexis Carrel
(1873–1944) 		  French "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" [24]
1913   Charles Richet
(1850–1935) 		  French "[for] his work on anaphylaxis" [25]
1914   Robert Bárány
(1876–1936) 		  Austro-Hungarian "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" [8]
1915 Not awarded
1916
1917
1918
1919   Jules Bordet
(1870–1961) 		  Belgian "for his discoveries relating to immunity" [26]
1920   August Krogh
(1874–1949) 		  Danish "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" [27]
1921 Not awarded
1922   Archibald Hill
(1886–1977) 		  British "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle" [9]
  Otto Fritz Meyerhof
(1884–1951) 		  German "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" [9]
1923   Sir Frederick Banting
(1891–1941) 		  Canadian "for the discovery of insulin" [28]
  John Macleod
(1876–1935) 		  British
1924   Willem Einthoven
(1860–1927) 		  Dutch "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram" [29]
1925 Not awarded
1926   Johannes Fibiger
(1867–1928) 		  Danish "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma" [10]
1927   Julius Wagner-Jauregg
(1857–1940) 		  Austrian "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica" [30]
1928   Charles Nicolle
(1866–1936) 		  French "for his work on typhus" [31]
1929   Christiaan Eijkman
(1868–1930) 		  Dutch "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" [32]
  Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
(1861–1947) 		  British "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins" [32]
1930   Karl Landsteiner
(1868–1943) 		  Austrian
  American 		"for his discovery of human blood groups" [33]
1931   Otto Heinrich Warburg
(1883–1970) 		  German "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" [34]
1932   Sir Charles Scott Sherrington
(1857–1952) 		  British "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons" [35]
  Edgar Adrian
(1889–1977)
1933   Thomas Hunt Morgan
(1866–1945) 		  American "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" [36]
1934   George Whipple
(1878–1976) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" [37]
  George Minot
(1885–1950)
  William P. Murphy
(1892–1987)
1935   Hans Spemann
(1869–1941) 		  German was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his student Hilde Mangold's discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, an influence, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs, the start of artificial cloning of organisms. Spemann added his name as an author to Hilde Mangold's dissertation (although she objected). [38][39]
1936   Sir Henry Hallett Dale
(1875–1968) 		  British "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" [40]
  Otto Loewi
(1873–1961) 		  German
1937   Albert Szent-Györgyi
(1893–1986) 		  Hungarian "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" [41]
1938   Corneille Heymans
(1892–1968) 		  Belgian "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration" [11]
1939   Gerhard Domagk
(1895–1964) 		  German "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil" [42]
1940 Not awarded
1941
1942
1943   Henrik Dam
(1895–1976) 		  Danish "for his discovery of vitamin K" [12]
  Edward Adelbert Doisy
(1893–1986) 		  American "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" [12]
1944   Joseph Erlanger
(1874–1965) 		  American "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" [43]
  Herbert Spencer Gasser
(1888–1963)
1945   Sir Alexander Fleming
(1881–1955) 		  British "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" [44]
  Sir Ernst Boris Chain
(1906–1979)
  Howard Walter Florey
(1898–1968) 		  Australian
1946   Hermann Joseph Muller
(1890–1967) 		  American "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" [45]
1947   Carl Ferdinand Cori
(1896–1984) 		  Czechoslovakian
  American 		"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" [46]
  Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
(1896–1957)
  Bernardo Alberto Houssay
(1887–1971) 		  Argentine "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" [46]
1948   Paul Hermann Müller
(1899–1965) 		  Swiss "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" [47]
1949   Walter Rudolf Hess
(1881–1973) 		  Swiss "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs" [48]
  António Caetano Egas Moniz
(1874–1955) 		  Portuguese "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses" [48]
1950   Philip Showalter Hench
(1896–1965) 		  American "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" [49]
  Edward Calvin Kendall
(1886–1972)
  Tadeusz Reichstein
(1897–1996) 		  Polish
  Swiss
1951   Max Theiler
(1899–1972) 		  South African
  American 		"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" [50]
1952   Selman Abraham Waksman
(1888–1973) 		  American "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" [51]
1953   Sir Hans Adolf Krebs
(1900–1981) 		  West German
  British 		"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" [52]
  Fritz Albert Lipmann
(1899–1986) 		  American "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" [52]
1954 John Franklin Enders
(1897–1985) 		  American "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue" [53]
  Frederick Chapman Robbins
(1916–2003)
  Thomas Huckle Weller
(1915–2008)
1955   Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
(1903–1982) 		  Swedish "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes" [54]
1956   André Frédéric Cournand
(1895–1988) 		  French
  American 		"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system" [55]
  Werner Forssmann
(1904–1979) 		  West German
  Dickinson W. Richards
(1895–1973) 		  American
1957   Daniel Bovet
(1907–1992) 		  Swiss
  Italian 		"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles" [56]
1958   George Wells Beadle
(1903–1989) 		  American "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" [57]
  Edward Lawrie Tatum
(1909–1975)
  Joshua Lederberg
(1925–2008) 		"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" [57]
1959   Arthur Kornberg
(1918–2007) 		  American "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" [58]
  Severo Ochoa
(1905–1993) 		  Spanish
  American
1960   Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
(1899–1985) 		  Australian "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" [59]
  Sir Peter Brian Medawar
(1915–1987) 		  British
1961   Georg von Békésy
(1899–1972) 		  Hungarian
  American 		"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" [60]
1962   Francis Harry Compton Crick
(1916–2004) 		  British "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" [61][62]
  James Dewey Watson
(b. 1928) 		  American
  Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
(1916–2004) 		  New Zealander
  British
1963   Sir John Carew Eccles
(1903–1997) 		  Australian "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane" [63]
  Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
(1914–1998) 		  British
  Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley
(1917–2012)
1964   Konrad Bloch
(1912–2000) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" [64]
  Feodor Lynen
(1911–1979) 		  West German
1965   François Jacob
(1920–2013) 		  French "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" [65]
  André Lwoff
(1902–1994)
  Jacques Monod
(1910–1976)
1966   Peyton Rous
(1879–1970) 		  American "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" [66]
  Charles Brenton Huggins
(1901–1997) 		  Canadian
  American 		"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer" [66]
1967   Ragnar Granit
(1900–1991) 		  Finnish
  Swedish 		"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye" [67]
  Haldan Keffer Hartline
(1903–1983) 		  American
  George Wald
(1906–1997)
1968   Robert W. Holley
(1922–1993) 		  American "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" [68]
  Har Gobind Khorana
(1922–2011) 		  Indian
  American
  Marshall W. Nirenberg
(1927–2010) 		  American
1969   Max Delbrück
(1906–1981) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" [69]
  Alfred D. Hershey
(1908–1997)
  Salvador E. Luria
(1912–1991) 		  Italian
  American
1970   Julius Axelrod
(1912–2004) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" [70]
  Ulf von Euler
(1905–1983) 		  Swedish
  Sir Bernard Katz
(1911–2003) 		  West German
  British
1971   Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
(1915–1974) 		  American "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones" [71]
1972   Gerald M. Edelman
(1929–2014) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" [72]
  Rodney R. Porter
(1917–1985) 		  British
1973   Karl von Frisch
(1886–1982) 		  Austrian "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns" [73]
  Konrad Lorenz
(1903–1989)
  Nikolaas Tinbergen
(1907–1988) 		  Dutch
1974   Albert Claude
(1899–1983) 		  Belgian
  American 		"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" [74]
  Christian de Duve
(1917–2013) 		  Belgian
  George E. Palade
(1912–2008) 		  Romanian
  American
1975   David Baltimore
(b. 1938) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" [75]
  Renato Dulbecco
(1914–2012) 		  Italian
  American
  Howard Martin Temin
(1934–1994) 		  American
1976   Baruch S. Blumberg
(1925–2011) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" [76]
  D. Carleton Gajdusek
(1923–2008)
1977   Roger Guillemin
(1924–2024) 		  French
  American 		"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" [77]
  Andrew V. Schally
(1926–2024) 		  American
  Rosalyn Yalow
(1921–2011) 		"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" [77]
1978   Werner Arber
(b. 1929) 		  Swiss "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" [78]
  Daniel Nathans
(1928–1999) 		  American
  Hamilton O. Smith
(b. 1931)
1979   Allan M. Cormack
(1924–1998) 		  South African
  American 		"for the development of computer assisted tomography" [79]
  Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield
(1919–2004) 		  British
1980   Baruj Benacerraf
(1920–2011) 		  Venezuelan
  American 		"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" [80]
  Jean Dausset
(1916–2009) 		  French
  George D. Snell
(1903–1996) 		  American
1981   Roger W. Sperry
(1913–1994) 		  American "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" [81]
  David H. Hubel
(1926–2013) 		"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system" [81]
  Torsten N. Wiesel
(b. 1924) 		  Swedish
1982   Sune K. Bergström
(1916–2004) 		  Swedish "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" [82]
  Bengt I. Samuelsson
(1934–2024)
  Sir John R. Vane
(1927–2004) 		  British
1983   Barbara McClintock
(1902–1992) 		  American "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" [83]
1984   Niels K. Jerne
(1911–1994) 		  Danish "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" [84]
  Georges J. F. Köhler
(1946–1995) 		  West German
  César Milstein
(1927–2002) 		  Argentine
1985   Michael S. Brown
(b. 1941) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" [85]
  Joseph L. Goldstein
(b. 1940)
1986   Stanley Cohen
(1922–2020) 		  American "for their discoveries of growth factors" [86]
  Rita Levi-Montalcini
(1909–2012) 		  Italian
1987   Susumu Tonegawa
(b. 1939) 		  Japanese "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" [87]
1988   Sir James W. Black
(1924–2010) 		  British "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" [88]
  Gertrude B. Elion
(1918–1999) 		  American
  George H. Hitchings
(1905–1998)
1989   J. Michael Bishop
(b. 1936) 		  American "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" [89]
  Harold E. Varmus
(b. 1939)
1990 Joseph E. Murray
(1919–2012) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" [90]
  E. Donnall Thomas
(1920–2012)
1991   Erwin Neher
(b. 1944) 		  German "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" [91]
  Bert Sakmann
(b. 1942)
1992   Edmond H. Fischer
(1920–2021) 		  Swiss
  American 		"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" [92]
Edwin G. Krebs
(1918–2009) 		  American
1993   Sir Richard J. Roberts
(b. 1943) 		  British "for their discoveries of split genes" [93]
  Phillip A. Sharp
(b. 1944) 		  American
1994   Alfred G. Gilman
(1941–2015) 		  American "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" [94]
  Martin Rodbell
(1925–1998)
1995   Edward B. Lewis
(1918–2004) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" [95]
  Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
(b. 1942) 		  German
  Eric F. Wieschaus
(b. 1947) 		  American
1996   Peter C. Doherty
(b. 1940) 		  Australian "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" [96]
  Rolf M. Zinkernagel
(b. 1944) 		  Swiss
1997   Stanley B. Prusiner
(b. 1942) 		  American "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" [97]
1998   Robert F. Furchgott
(1916–2009) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" [98]
  Louis J. Ignarro
(b. 1941)
  Ferid Murad
(1936–2023)
1999   Günter Blobel
(1936–2018) 		  American "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" [99]
2000   Arvid Carlsson
(1923–2018) 		  Swedish "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" [100]
  Paul Greengard
(1925–2019) 		  American
  Eric R. Kandel
(b. 1929) 		  Austrian
  American
2001   Leland H. Hartwell
(b. 1939) 		  American "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" [101]
  Sir Tim Hunt
(b. 1943) 		  British
  Sir Paul M. Nurse
(b. 1949)
2002   Sydney Brenner
(1927–2019) 		  South African "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" [102]
H. Robert Horvitz
(b. 1947) 		  American
  Sir John E. Sulston
(1942–2018) 		  British
2003   Paul Lauterbur
(1929–2007) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging" [103]
  Sir Peter Mansfield
(1933–2017) 		  British
2004   Richard Axel
(b. 1946) 		  American "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" [104]
  Linda B. Buck
(b. 1947)
2005   Barry J. Marshall
(b. 1951) 		  Australian "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease" [105]
  J. Robin Warren
(1937–2024)
2006   Andrew Z. Fire
(b. 1959) 		  American "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA" [106]
  Craig C. Mello
(b. 1960)
2007   Mario R. Capecchi
(b. 1937) 		  Italian
  American 		"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells." [107]
  Sir Martin J. Evans
(b. 1941) 		  British
  Oliver Smithies
(1925–2017) 		  British
  American
2008   Harald zur Hausen
(1936–2023) 		  German "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" [108]
  Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
(b. 1947) 		  French "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus" [108]
  Luc Montagnier
(1932–2022)
2009   Elizabeth H. Blackburn
(b. 1948) 		  Australian
  American 		"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase" [109]
  Carol W. Greider
(b. 1961) 		  American
  Jack W. Szostak
(b. 1952) 		  Canadian
  American
2010   Sir Robert G. Edwards
(1925–2013) 		  British "for the development of in vitro fertilization" [110]
2011   Bruce A. Beutler
(b. 1957) 		  American "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" [111]
  Jules A. Hoffmann
(b. 1941) 		  French
  Ralph M. Steinman
(1943–2011) 		  Canadian "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously)[112][113] [111]
2012   Sir John B. Gurdon
(b. 1933) 		  British "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" [114]
  Shinya Yamanaka
(b. 1962) 		  Japanese
2013   James E. Rothman
(b. 1950) 		  American "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells" [115]
  Randy W. Schekman
(b. 1948)
  Thomas C. Südhof
(b. 1955) 		  German
  American
2014   John O'Keefe
(b. 1939) 		  American
  British 		"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" [116]
  May-Britt Moser
(b. 1963) 		  Norwegian
  Edvard I. Moser
(b. 1962)
2015   William C. Campbell
(b. 1930) 		  Irish
  American 		"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" [117]
  Satoshi Ōmura
(b. 1935) 		  Japanese
  Tu Youyou
(b. 1930) 		  Chinese "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria" [117]
2016   Yoshinori Ohsumi
(b. 1945) 		  Japanese "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy" [118]
2017   Jeffrey C. Hall
(b. 1945) 		  American "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" [119]
  Michael Rosbash
(b. 1944)
  Michael W. Young
(b. 1949)
2018   James P. Allison
(b. 1948) 		  American "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation" [120]
  Tasuku Honjo
(b. 1942) 		  Japanese
2019   William Kaelin Jr.
(b. 1957) 		  American "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" [121]
  Peter J. Ratcliffe
(b. 1954) 		  British
  Gregg L. Semenza
(b. 1956) 		  American
2020   Harvey J. Alter
(b. 1935) 		  American "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus" [122]
  Michael Houghton
(b. 1949) 		  British
  Charles M. Rice
(b. 1952) 		  American
2021   David Julius
(b. 1955) 		  American "for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch" [123]
  Ardem Patapoutian
(b. 1967) 		  Lebanese
  American
2022   Svante Pääbo
(b. 1955) 		  Swedish "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution" [124]
2023   Katalin Karikó
(b. 1955) 		  Hungarian
  American 		"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19" [125]
  Drew Weissman
(b. 1959) 		  American
2024   Victor Ambros
(b. 1953) 		  American "for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation" [126]
  Gary Ruvkun
(b. 1952)

References

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Notes

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^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship, and instead reflect their academic or scientific affiliation at the time of receiving the award.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of physiology and medicine for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

Citations

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  1. ^ "Alfred Nobel–The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
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