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Added sugar

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Added sugars or free sugars are sugar carbohydrates (caloric sweeteners) added to food and beverages at some point before their consumption.[1] These include added carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharides), and more broadly, sugars naturally present in honey, syrup, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates.[2][3] They can take multiple chemical forms, including sucrose (table sugar), glucose (dextrose), and fructose.

White sugar being weighed for a cake

Medical consensus holds that added sugars contribute little nutritional value to food,[1] leading to a colloquial description as "empty calories". Overconsumption of sugar is correlated with excessive calorie intake and increased risk of weight gain and various diseases.[1][4][5] Individuals who consume 17%-21% of their daily calories from added sugar are reported to have a 38% higher risk of dying from cardiovascular disease compared to those who consume 8% of their daily calories from added sugar.[6]

Uses

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United States

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In the United States, added sugars may include sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup, both primarily composed of about half glucose and half fructose.[7] Other types of added sugar ingredients include beet and cane sugars, malt syrup, maple syrup, pancake syrup, fructose sweetener, liquid fructose, fruit juice concentrate, honey, and molasses.[7][8] The most common types of foods containing added sugars are sweetened beverages, including most soft drinks, and also desserts and sweet snacks,[4] which represent 20% of daily calorie consumption,[1] twice the maximum limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).[1] Based on a 2012 study on the use of caloric and noncaloric sweeteners in some 85,000 food and beverage products, 74% of the products contained added sugar.[7][9]

Sweetened beverages

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Sweetened beverages contain a syrup mixture of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose formed by hydrolytic saccharification of the disaccharide sucrose. The bioavailability of liquid carbohydrates is higher than in solid sugars, as characterized by sugar type and by the estimated rate of digestion.[10] There is evidence for a positive and causal relationship between excessive intake of fruit juices and increased risk of some chronic metabolic diseases.[3]

Guidelines

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World Health Organization

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See also: Sugar marketing § Influence on health information and guidelines

In 2003, the WHO defined free sugars principally by defining the term "carbohydrate" into elements that relate more directly to the impact on health rather than a chemical definition, and followed on from meta-studies relating to chronic disease, obesity, and dental decay related to the overconsumption of high quantities of added sugar in processed foods.[11] In tandem with the Food and Agriculture Organization, the WHO published a revised food pyramid that splits up the diet into more health-directed groups, recommending that a maximum of 10% of an individual's diet should come from free sugars.[12] Sugar companies disputed the WHO report for suggesting that consumption of free sugars within the food pyramid should only amount to a daily maximum of 10%, and that there should be no minimum sugar intake.[2][12][13][14]

In 2015, the WHO published a new guideline on sugar intake for adults and children as a result of an extensive review of the available scientific evidence by a multidisciplinary group of experts. The guideline recommends that both adults and children reduce the intake of free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake.[15]

In 2016, added sugar was added to the revised version of the nutrition facts label and was a given a daily value of 50 grams or 200 calories per day for a 2,000 calorie diet.[16][17]

European Food Safety Authority

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In February 2022, scientists of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that sugar consumption is a known cause of dental caries, and that evidence also links to consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, juices and nectars with various chronic metabolic diseases including obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. EFSA stated: "We underlined there are uncertainties about chronic disease risk for people whose consumption of added and free sugars is below 10% of their total energy intake".[18]

American Heart Association

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In 2018, the American Heart Association recommended daily intake of sugar for men is 9 teaspoons or 36 grams (1.3 oz) per day, and for women, six teaspoons or 25 grams (0.88 oz) per day.[5] Overconsumption of sugars in foods and beverages may increase the risk of several diseases.[5]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Lindsay H Allen; Andrew Prentice (December 28, 2012). Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition 3E. Academic Press. pp. 231–233. ISBN 978-0-12-384885-7. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  2. ^ a b "WHO Guideline, 2015, "Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children, 2015", Geneva". 2015.
  3. ^ a b Turck, Dominique; Bohn, Torsten; Castenmiller, Jacqueline; de Henauw, Stefaan; et al. (February 2022). "Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars". EFSA Journal. 20 (2): e07074. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7074. hdl:11380/1280525. PMC 8884083. PMID 35251356.
  4. ^ a b "Get the facts: Added sugars". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 28, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "Sugar 101". American Heart Association. April 17, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  6. ^ Mackey, Christian; Plegue, Melissa A; Deames, Marian; Kittle, Matthew; Sonneville, Kendrin R; Chang, Tammy (January 2018). "Family physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding the weight effects of added sugar". SAGE Open Medicine. 6: 205031211880124. doi:10.1177/2050312118801245. ISSN 2050-3121. PMC 6146324. PMID 30245821.
  7. ^ a b c "Hidden in Plain Sight". SugarScience, University of California at San Francisco. 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  8. ^ Committee on Examination of Front-of-Package Nutrition Ratings Systems and Symbols; Institute of Medicine (December 21, 2010). Examination of Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols: Phase I Report. National Academies Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-309-18652-0. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  9. ^ Ng, Shu Wen; Slining, Meghan M.; Popkin, Barry M. (2012). "Use of Caloric and Noncaloric Sweeteners in US Consumer Packaged Foods, 2005-2009". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 112 (11): 1828–1834.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.07.009. ISSN 2212-2672. PMC 3490437. PMID 23102182.
  10. ^ Englyst, Klaus and Hans (2005). "Carbohydrate bioavailability". British Journal of Nutrition. 94 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1079/BJN20051457. PMID 16115326. S2CID 41400074.
  11. ^ Baltz, Courtney (2020). "TaxRx: Ultra-Processed Foods, Added Sugar, and the Social Cost of Obesity". Food and Drug Law Journal. 75: 38.
  12. ^ a b Barbara Sibbald (June 10, 2003). "Sugar industry sour on WHO report". CMAJ. 168 (12): 1585. PMC 156706. PMID 12796354.
  13. ^ John Ydstie (April 24, 2003). "Sugar Industry Takes on the World Health Organization". NPR.
  14. ^ Boseley S. (2003). "Political context of the World Health Organization: sugar industry threatens to scupper the WHO". Int J Health Serv. 33 (4): 831–3. doi:10.2190/u0mw-wm82-n5bh-e20c. PMID 14758862. S2CID 7287748.
  15. ^ See Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 Archived 2015-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (January 8, 2021). "Added Sugars on the New Nutrition Facts Label". FDA.
  17. ^ Charles, Dan (May 20, 2016). "An 'Added Sugar' Label Is On The Way For Packaged Food". NPR. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  18. ^ "Added and free sugars should be as low as possible | EFSA". www.efsa.europa.eu.
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