The 19th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1825, to March 4, 1827, during the first two years of John Quincy Adams's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1820 United States census. The Senate had a majority of Jackson Men, while the House had an Anti-Jackson (pro-Adams) majority.
| 19th United States Congress | |
|---|---|
18th ← → 20th | |
 United States Capitol (1827) | |
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1827 | |
| Members | 48 senators 213 representatives 3 non-voting delegates |
| Senate majority | Jackson Men |
| Senate President | John C. Calhoun (DR) |
| House majority | Anti-Jackson |
| House Speaker | John W. Taylor (NR) |
| Sessions | |
| Special: March 4, 1825 – March 9, 1825 1st: December 5, 1825 – May 22, 1826 2nd: December 4, 1826 – March 3, 1827 | |
Major events
edit- March 4, 1825: John Quincy Adams inaugurated as President of the United States
- October 26, 1825: The Erie Canal opened, providing passage from Albany, New York, to Buffalo and Lake Erie.
- July 4, 1826: Both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died on the 50th Anniversary of America's Independence
Major legislation
editTreaties signed
edit- November 7, 1825: Treaty of St. Louis: 1,400 Missouri Shawnees were forcibly relocated from Missouri to Kansas
- January 24, 1826: Treaty of Washington between the United States government and the Creek National Council, in which they ceded much of their land in Georgia
Party summary
editThe count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.
Senate
edit
|
| Party (shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti- Jacksonian (A) |
Jacksonian (J) | Other |
|||
| End of previous congress | 16[a] | 12[b] | 20[c] | 48 | 0 |
| Begin | 20 | 25 | 0 | 45 | 3 |
| End | 22 | 26 | 48 | 0 | |
| Final voting share | 45.8% | 54.2% | 0.0% | ||
| Beginning of next congress | 20 | 27 | 1 | 48 | 0 |
House of Representatives
edit
|
| Party (shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti- Jacksonian (A) |
Jacksonian (J) | Other |
|||
| End of previous congress | 87[d] | 71[e] | 55[f] | 213 | 0 |
| Begin | 107 | 106 | 0 | 213 | 0 |
| End | 109 | 104 | |||
| Final voting share | 51.2% | 48.8% | 0.0% | ||
| Beginning of next congress | 102 | 110 | 0 | 212 | 1 |
Leadership
edit
President of the Senate
John C. Calhoun
John C. Calhoun
Speaker of the House
John W. Taylor
John W. Taylor
Senate
edit- President: John C. Calhoun (J)
- President pro tempore: John Gaillard (J), until December 4, 1825
- Nathaniel Macon (J), from May 20, 1826
House of Representatives
edit- Speaker: John W. Taylor (A)
Members
editThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class and representatives are listed by district.
(J) following a name means the member was of the Jackson faction. (A) that the person was a member of the Adams (anti-Jackson) faction.
Senate
editSenators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1826/1827; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1828/1829; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1830/1831.
|
|
 2 Jacksonians 1 Jacksonian and 1 Anti-Jacksonian 2 Anti-Jacksonians
|
House of Representatives
editChanges in membership
editThis count reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
edit- Replacements: 7
- Anti-Jacksonian (A): 3-seat net gain
- Jacksonian (J): no net change
- Deaths: 4
- Resignations: 6
- Interim appointments: 4
- Total seats with changes: 13
| State (class) |
Vacated by | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation[g] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Hampshire (3) |
Vacant | Seat remained vacant | Levi Woodbury (J) | Installed March 16, 1825 |
| Connecticut (3) |
Vacant | Seat remained vacant | Calvin Willey (A) | Installed May 4, 1825 |
| New York (3) |
Vacant | Seat remained vacant | Nathan Sanford (A) | Installed January 14, 1826, after resigning as Chancellor of New York |
| Virginia (1) |
James Barbour (J) | Resigned March 7, 1825, after being appointed US Secretary of War | John Randolph (J) | Appointed December 26, 1825 |
| Mississippi (1) |
David Holmes (J) | Resigned September 25, 1825, after being elected Governor of Mississippi | Powhatan Ellis (J) | Appointed September 28, 1825 |
| Tennessee (2) |
Andrew Jackson (J) | Resigned October 14, 1825 | Hugh Lawson White (J) | Installed October 28, 1825 |
| Rhode Island (1) |
James De Wolf (A) | Resigned October 31, 1825 | Asher Robbins (A) | Appointed October 31, 1825 |
| Maryland (3) |
Edward Lloyd (J) | Resigned January 14, 1826, after being elected to the Maryland State Senate | Ezekiel F. Chambers (A) | Elected January 24, 1826 |
| Alabama (3) |
Henry H. Chambers (J) | Died January 24, 1826 | Israel Pickens (J) | Appointed February 17, 1826 |
| Mississippi (1) |
Powhatan Ellis (J) | Successor elected January 28, 1826 | Thomas B. Reed (J) | Installed January 28, 1826 |
| South Carolina (3) |
John Gaillard (J) | Died February 26, 1826 | William Harper (J) | Appointed March 8, 1826 |
| Delaware (2) |
Nicholas Van Dyke (A) | Died May 21, 1826 | Daniel Rodney (A) | Appointed November 8, 1826 |
| Massachusetts (2) |
James Lloyd (A) | Resigned May 23, 1826 | Nathaniel Silsbee (A) | Installed May 31, 1826 |
| New Jersey (1) |
Joseph McIlvaine (A) | Died August 19, 1826 | Ephraim Bateman(A) | Installed November 10, 1826 |
| Alabama (3) |
Israel Pickens (J) | Successor elected November 27, 1826 | John McKinley (J) | Installed November 27, 1826 |
| South Carolina (3) |
William Harper (J) | Successor elected November 29, 1826 | William Smith (J) | Installed November 29, 1826 |
| Delaware (2) |
Daniel Rodney (A) | Resigned January 12, 1827, after successor was elected | Henry M. Ridgely (J) | Installed January 23, 1827 |
House of Representatives
edit- Replacements: 11
- Anti-Jackson: 1 seat net gain
- Jackson: 1 seat net loss
- Deaths: 5
- Resignations: 10
- Contested election: 1
- Total seats with changes: 16
| District | Vacated by | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation[g] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kentucky 3rd |
Henry Clay (A) | Resigned March 6, 1825, after being appointed US Secretary of State | James Clark (A) | Seated August 1, 1825 |
| South Carolina 1st |
Joel R. Poinsett (J) | Resigned March 7, 1825, after being appointed Minister to Mexico | William Drayton (J) | Seated May 17, 1825 |
| Pennsylvania 16th |
James Allison Jr. (J) | Resigned August 26, 1825 before the assembling of Congress | Robert Orr Jr. (J) | Seated October 11, 1825 |
| New York 20th |
Egbert Ten Eyck (J) | Lost contested election December 15, 1825 | Daniel Hugunin Jr. (A) | Seated December 15, 1825 |
| Virginia 5th |
John Randolph (J) | Resigned December 26, 1825, after being appointed to the US Senate | George W. Crump (J) | Seated January 21, 1826 |
| Maryland 2nd |
Joseph Kent (A) | Resigned January 6, 1826, after being elected Governor of Maryland | John C. Weems (J) | Seated February 1, 1826 |
| Pennsylvania 18th |
Patrick Farrelly (J) | Died January 12, 1826 | Thomas H. Sill (A) | Seated March 14, 1826 |
| Mississippi at-large |
Christopher Rankin (J) | Died March 14, 1826 | William Haile (J) | Seated July 10, 1826 |
| North Carolina 8th |
Willie P. Mangum (J) | Resigned March 18, 1826 | Daniel L. Barringer (J) | Seated December 4, 1826 |
| Pennsylvania 13th |
Alexander Thomson (J) | Resigned May 1, 1826 | Chauncey Forward (J) | Seated December 4, 1826 |
| Ohio 10th |
David Jennings (A) | Resigned May 25, 1826 | Thomas Shannon (A) | Seated December 4, 1826 |
| Kentucky 5th |
James Johnson (J) | Died August 13, 1826 | Robert L. McHatton (J) | Seated December 7, 1826 |
| Pennsylvania 7th |
Henry Wilson (J) | Died August 14, 1826 | Jacob Krebs (J) | Seated December 4, 1826 |
| Kentucky 12th |
Robert P. Henry (J) | Died August 25, 1826 | John F. Henry (A) | Seated December 11, 1826 |
| Maine 5th |
Enoch Lincoln (A) | Resigned before September 11, 1826 | James W. Ripley (J) | Seated September 11, 1826 |
| Pennsylvania 2nd |
Joseph Hemphill (J) | Resigned before October 10, 1826 | Thomas Kittera (A) | Seated October 10, 1826 |
Committees
editLists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
edit- Agriculture (Chairman: William Findlay then Calvin Willey)
- Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Horatio Seymour then Elias Kane)
- Bankruptcy (Select)
- Claims (Chairman: Benjamin Ruggles)
- Commerce (Chairman: James Lloyd then Josiah S. Johnston)
- Debt Imprisonment Abolition (Select)
- Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
- District of Columbia (Chairman: Edward Lloyd then Ezekiel F. Chambers)
- Engrossed Bills (Chairman: William Marks)
- Finance (Chairman: Samuel Smith)
- Foreign Relations (Chairman: Nathaniel Macon then Littleton Tazewell)
- French Spoilations (Select)
- Georgia and the Creek Indians (Select)
- Indian Affairs (Chairman: Thomas Hart Benton)
- Judiciary (Chairman: Martin Van Buren)
- Manufactures (Chairman: Mahlon Dickerson)
- Military Affairs (Chairman: William Henry Harrison)
- Militia (Chairman: John Chandler)
- Naval Affairs (Chairman: Robert Y. Hayne)
- Pensions (Chairman: James Noble)
- Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Richard M. Johnson)
- Private Land Claims (Chairman: William South)
- Public Lands (Chairman: David Barton)
- Roads and Canals (Select) (Chairman: William Hendricks)
- Tariff Regulation (Select)
- Whole
House of Representatives
edit- Accounts (Chairman: Samuel C. Allen)
- Agriculture (Chairman: Stephen Van Rensselaer)
- American Colonization Society (Select)
- Apportionment of Representatives (Select)
- Bills of Exchange (Select)
- Claims (Chairman: Lewis Williams)
- Commerce (Chairman: Thomas Newton Jr. then Gideon Tomlinson)
- District of Columbia (Chairman: Mark Alexander)
- Elections (Chairman: John Sloane)
- Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Jeremiah O'Brien)
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: William Wilson)
- Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: John Bailey)
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: William Burleigh)
- Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: John Mattocks)
- Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Joseph Johnson)
- Foreign Affairs (Chairman: John Forsyth)
- Indian Affairs (Chairman: John Cocke)
- Judiciary (Chairman: Daniel Webster)
- Manufactures (Chairman: Rollin C. Mallary)
- Military Affairs (Chairman: James Hamilton Jr.)
- Military Pensions (Chairman: Tristram Burges)
- Naval Affairs (Chairman: Henry R. Storrs)
- Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Samuel D. Ingham)
- Public Expenditures (Chairman: Weldon N. Edwards)
- Public Lands (Chairman: Christopher Rankin then John Scott)
- Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Thomas P. Moore)
- Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Robert Allen)
- Rules (Select)
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Territories (Chairman: James Strong)
- Ways and Means (Chairman: Louis McLane)
- Whole
Joint committees
editEmployees
editLegislative branch agency directors
editSenate
edit- Chaplain: Charles P. McIlvaine (Episcopal), until December 12, 1825
- William Staughton (Baptist), elected December 12, 1825
- William Ryland (Methodist), elected December 8, 1826
- Secretary: Charles Cutts, until December 12, 1825
- Walter Lowrie, elected December 12, 1825
- Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly
House of Representatives
editSee also
edit- 1824 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
- 1826 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
Notes
editReferences
edit- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.