Nikolai Semyonovich Kurnakov (Russian: Николай Семёнович Курнаков; 6 December [O.S. 24 November] 1860 – 19 March 1941) was a Russian chemist, who is internationally recognized as the originator of physicochemical analysis. He also was one of the principal founders of the platinum industry in the Soviet Union. A chemical reaction that he pioneered, known as the Kurnakov test, is still used to differentiate cis from trans isomers of divalent platinum and is his best-known contribution to coordination chemistry.
Nikolai Kurnakov | |
|---|---|
 Kurnakov in 1913 | |
| Born | Nikolai Semyonovich Kurnakov December 6, 1860 |
| Died | March 19, 1941 (aged 80) |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Known for | Kurnakov test |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Chemist |
Early life and career
editKurnakov was born in Nolinsk, Vyatka Governorate. He attended a high school at Nizhny Novgorod and later studied at the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. Distantly related to organic chemist Vladimir Markovnikov, he made an early choice of a chemistry career, setting up a home laboratory at 14. He published his first article on alum crystallization and sodium thioantimoniate in 1882.[1] In the same year he graduated as a mining engineer.[citation needed]
During a trip to France, Germany and Austria, Kurnakov studied salt manufacturing in several locations. The scientific work of this trip became his Ph.D. thesis, which he completed in 1884.[citation needed]
Career
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He then worked for several years at the Mining Institute, mostly on the formation of salts and potash deposits and mining and beneficiation of salt and potash. In 1893, Kurnakov became professor of inorganic chemistry for his work on the reactions of cis- and trans- platinum complexes with thiourea, today known as the Kurnakov test.[2][3] In 1902 he became professor at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, which he established together with Dmitri Mendeleev and Nikolai Menshutkin. He held the position until 1930.
In his later years, he focused his work on platinum chemistry and platinum production. He received several prizes, for example, the Mendeleev Prize in 1936, the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1939 and the Stalin Prize in 1941. He was also awarded a Doctor honoris causa by Moscow State University in 1909. After the death of his wife in 1940 his health deteriorated, and he died in a sanatorium in Barvikha on 19 March 1941.[3][4] A mineral was named kurnakovite in his honor.[5][6]
References
edit- ^ Kuznetsov, N. T. (2010). "N. S. Kurnakov's Contribution to Coordination Chemistry". Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 55 (11): 1777–1783. doi:10.1134/S0036023610110033. S2CID 98414628.
- ^ Kurnakow, N. (1894). "Ueber complexe Metallbasen; Erste Abhandlung". Journal für Praktische Chemie (in German). 50: 481–507. doi:10.1002/prac.18940500144.
- ^ a b Kauffman, George B. (1983). "Nikolaĭ Semenovich Kurnakov, the reaction (1893) and the man (1860–1941) a ninety-year retrospective view". Polyhedron. 2 (9): 855–863. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)81400-X.
- ^ Kauffman, George B. (1982). "The Life and Work of Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov". Platinum Metals Review. 26 (3): 129–133. doi:10.1595/003214082X263129133. S2CID 111375495.
- ^ Godlevsky, M. N. (1940). "Kurnakovite, a new Borate" (PDF). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de l'URSS. 28 (7): 638–640.
- ^ Kuznetsov, N. T.; Novotortsev, V. M. (2010). "Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov (to the 150th Anniversary of His Birthday)". Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 55 (11): 1668–1679. doi:10.1134/S0036023610110021. S2CID 95463169.
Further reading
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- Kong, Pi-Chang; Rochon, F. D. (1979). "cis- and trans-Platinum compounds of substituted pyrimidines and their products from thiourea in Kurnakov's reaction". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 57 (5): 526–529. doi:10.1139/v79-086.
- Woollins, J. (1983). "The detection of trace amounts of trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 in the presence of cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2. A high performance liquid chromatographic application of Kurnakow's test". Polyhedron. 2 (3): 175–178. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)83954-6.
- Solov'ev, Yu. I. (1961). "N. S. Kurnakov (on the centenary of his birth)". Journal of Structural Chemistry. 1 (4): 371–374. doi:10.1007/BF00745877. S2CID 94715310.
- Tretyakov, Yu. D. (2010). "The role of N. S. Kurnakov in creating new generations of researchers". Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 55 (11): 1690–1693. doi:10.1134/S0036023610110069. S2CID 96205492.
- Kuznetsov, N. T. (2010). "N. S. Kurnakov's contribution to coordination chemistry". Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 55 (11): 1680–1685. doi:10.1134/S0036023610110033. S2CID 98414628.
- Kauffman, George B.; Beck, Alexander (1962). "Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov". Journal of Chemical Education. 39 (1): 44. Bibcode:1962JChEd..39...44K. doi:10.1021/ed039p44.
- Seǐfer, A.L.; Kleǐnermann, G.I.; Steǐn, V.S. (1963). "The principles of construction of a machine language for physico-chemical analysis". Information Storage and Retrieval. 1 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1016/0020-0271(63)90004-4.
- Tomkeieff, S. (1944). "Physico-Chemical Analysis in U.S.S.R." Nature. 154 (3914): 582–583. Bibcode:1944Natur.154..582T. doi:10.1038/154582b0.
- Khol’kin, A. I.; Gladun, V. D.; Akat’eva, L. V. (2012). "Physicochemical analysis as the methodological basis of mineral processing and inorganic synthesis". Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering. 46 (5): 515–527. doi:10.1134/S0040579512050041. S2CID 93409160.
- Курнаков Н. С. Непрерывность химических превращений вещества [Continuity of the chemical transformations of matter] // УФН. 1924. Т. 4, Вып. 6. С. 339–356.
- Биография Н. С. Курнакова на сайте химфака МГУ [Scientist: Kurnakov, Nikolai Semyonovich].
- Биография Н. С. Курнакова на кругосвете [Biography of N. S. Kurnakov].
- К 140-летию со дня рождения Н. С. Курнакова [To the 140 anniversary of his birth N. S. Kurnakov].
- Image of Nikolai Semyonovich Kurnakov's grave.