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Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov (Russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Полика́рпов; 9 June [O.S. 28 May] 1892 – 30 July 1944) was a Soviet aeronautical engineer and aircraft designer, known as the "King of Fighters". He designed the I-15 series of fighters, and the I-16 Ishak (Russian: ишак, lit. 'donkey' phonetically close to its Russian: И-16 or Russian: И-шестнадцать, romanized: I-shestnadtsat', lit. 'I-sixteen' designation) "Little Donkey" fighter.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov | |
|---|---|
| Николай Николаевич Поликарпов | |
 | |
| Born | 9 June [O.S. 28 May] 1892 |
| Died | 30 July 1944 (aged 52) |
| Nationality | Russian Empire Soviet Union |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Engineering career | |
| Discipline | Aeronautical engineering |
| Employer(s) | Polikarpov Design Bureau |
| Significant design | Po-2, I-15, I-16 |
Biography
editPolikarpov was born in the village of Georgievskoye near Livny in Oryol Governorate. He was the son of a village priest in the Russian Orthodox Church. He initially also trained for the priesthood and studied at the Oryol Seminary before moving to Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University in 1911, where he became fascinated with the fledgling aviation work being carried out under the shipbuilding department. Polikarpov graduated in 1916 and went to work for Igor Sikorski, the head of production at the Russian Baltic Carriage Factory. While working for Sikorski, Polikarpov helped design the massive Ilya Muromets four-engine bomber for the Imperial Russian Air Force.
Soviet career
editPolikarpov stayed in Russia after the Russian Revolution and rose to become head of the technical department Dux Aircraft factory in 1923. Polikarpov was responsible for some of the first indigenous aircraft designs in the Soviet Union during the 1920s, including the I-1 fighter (1923), R-1 reconnaissance plane (1927), U-2 utility biplane (1927–1928), I-3 fighter (1928), R-5 reconnaissance bomber (1928). Notably, the U-2, Russian nickname Kukuruznik, loosely translated: crop-duster, (post 1944 designation Po-2),[1] remained in mainstream production until 1952 and over 30,000 examples were produced.[2]
In 1928, under provisions of the five-year plan for experimental aircraft design, Polikarpov was assigned to develop the primarily wooden I-6 fighter for delivery by mid-1930. The plan was unrealistic and failed. As such, in October 1929,[3] Polikarpov and around other 450 aircraft designers and engineers were arrested on fabricated charges of sabotage and counter-revolutionary activities, after which he was sentenced to death. In December, after two months of waiting for execution, he was transferred to a Special Design Bureau of OGPU set at Butyrka prison and had the sentence changed to 10 years of forced labor.[4] Polikarpov and the others were moved to Central Design Bureau 39 (TsKB-39) to complete the I-5 project.[5] After a successful demonstration of the new design, the sentence was changed to a conditional one, and in July 1931 he was granted amnesty together with a group of other convicts. It was not until de-Stalinization in 1956 that the criminal charges were officially dropped posthumously.
After the release he initially worked with Pavel Sukhoi since 1931, developing the I-16 in 1933 and I-15 in 1934. Then he worked under Ilyushin in 1937. In 1938, he established an independent design bureau. In 1939, he completed work on the I-153. In 1939, he was ordered to make a trip to Nazi Germany. In his absence, his plant director and chief engineer, along with design engineer Mikhail Gurevich put forth a proposal for a new fighter, the I-200, and received approval to create a new Design Bureau under the leadership of Artem Mikoyan, whose brother Anastas Mikoyan was a senior politician under Joseph Stalin. On his return, Polikarpov found that his Bureau no longer existed, with his engineers at the new MiG bureau. Nine years after his death, in 1953, his plant was given over to the Sukhoi bureau.
Polikarpov was subsequently appointed professor at the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1943. He died on 30 July 1944[6] from stomach cancer. He is buried in Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
Polikarpov was a recipient of numerous awards, including the Stalin Prize (1941, 1943) and Hero of Socialist Labor (1940). Polikarpov Peak in the Pamir Mountains was named after him.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Авиация и космонавтика (in Russian). Воениздать. 1973.
- ^ Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space. Smithsonian Institution Press. 1981. p. 83.
- ^ Parrish, Michael (1996). The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 43. ISBN 9780275951139.
- ^ Graff, Cory (2014). Flying Warbirds: An Illustrated Profile of the Flying Heritage Collection's Rare WWII-Era Aircraft. Voyageur Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780760346495.
- ^ Davies, Robert William (1989). Soviet Economy in Turmoil, 1929-1930. Harvard University Press. p. 452. ISBN 9780674826557.
- ^ Associated Press, “Aviation Expert Dies”, The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Tuesday 1 August 1944, Volume 50, page 2.
Bibliography
edit- Greenwood, John; Hardesty, Von; Higham, Robin (2014). Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135251864.
- Ivanov, Vladimir (1995). Авиаконструктор Н.Н. Поликарпов. Saint-Petersburg: Politekhnika. ISBN 5732500855. OCLC 34361460.
- Ivanov, Vladimir (2004). Самолеты Н.Н. Поликарпова. Moscow: RUSAVIA. ISBN 5900078256. OCLC 70659422.
- Maslov, Mikhail (2009). "Король истребителей". Боевые самолеты Поликарпова. Moscow: Yauza. ISBN 9785699309986. OCLC 698862229.
- Biography of Polikarpov at website of the Russian Ministry of Defense