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Novum Testamentum Graece

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Novum Testamentum Graece (The New Testament in Greek) is a critical edition of the New Testament in its original Koine Greek published by Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft (German Bible Society), forming the basis of most modern Bible translations and biblical criticism. It is also known as the Nestle–Aland edition after its most influential editors, Eberhard Nestle and Kurt Aland. The text, edited by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research, is currently in its 28th edition, abbreviated NA28.

Novum Testamentum Graece
Nestle–Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (28th ed., 2012; hardcover, blue)
LanguageKoine Greek
WebsiteOfficial NA28 text on www.academic-bible.com
"The Novum Testamentum Graece (Nestle–Aland) and its history" on www.academic-bible.com
Eberhard Nestle
Kurt Aland
The GNT Committee, from right to left: Carlo Maria Martini, Kurt Aland, Allen Wikgren, Bruce Metzger and Matthew Black (with Klaus Junack, Aland's assistant), c. late 1980s

The title is sometimes applied to the United Bible Societies (UBS) edition, which contains the same text (its fifth edition referred to as UBS5, contains the text from NA28). The UBS edition is aimed at translators and so focuses on variants that are important for the meaning whereas the NA includes more variants.

Methodology

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The Greek text as presented is what biblical scholars refer to as the "critical text". The critical text is an eclectic text compiled by a committee that compares readings from a large number of manuscripts in order to determine which reading is most likely to be closest to the original. They use a number of factors to help determine probable readings, such as the date of the witness (earlier is usually better), the geographical distribution of a reading, and the likelihood of accidental or intentional corruptions. In the book, a large number of textual variants, or differences between manuscripts, are noted in the critical apparatus—the extensive footnotes that distinguish the Novum Testamentum Graece from other Greek New Testaments.

Most scholars view uncial text as the most accurate; however, a few authors, such as New Testament scholar Maurice A. Robinson,[1] linguist Wilbur Pickering,[2] Arthur Farstad and Zane C. Hodges, claim that the minuscule texts (the Byzantine text-type) more accurately reflect the "autographs" or original texts than an eclectic text like NA28 that relies heavily on manuscripts of the Alexandrian text-type. This view is referred to as the "Byzantine priority theory".[3][4] The theory has been criticized by Gordon Fee[5] and Bruce Metzger[6] among others. Since the majority of old manuscripts in existence are minuscules, they are often referred to as the Majority Text. It is worth noting, though, that the Majority Text as a whole is classified by the editors of the NA28 (of whom Metzger is one) as a "consistently cited witness of the first order," meaning that whenever the text presented differs from the majority text this is recorded in the apparatus along with the alternate reading.[7] Other consistently cited references include the full corpus of papyrus manuscripts available to the authors as well as a wide range of other manuscripts including a selection of both minuscules and uncials.[7]

The Novum Testamentum Graece apparatus summarizes the evidence (from manuscripts and versions) for, and sometimes against, a selection of the most important variants for the study of the text of the New Testament. While eschewing completeness (in the range of variants and in the citation of witnesses), this edition does provide informed readers with a basis by which they can judge for themselves which readings more accurately reflect the originals. The Greek text of the 28th edition is the same as that of the 5th edition of the United Bible Societies' The Greek New Testament (abbreviated UBS5) although there are a few differences between them in paragraphing, capitalization, punctuation and spelling.[8]

Editions

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History

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In 1898 Eberhard Nestle published a handbook of textual criticism, and in 1898 published the first edition of a Greek New Testament under the title Novum Testamentum Graece cum apparatu critico ex editionibus et libris manu scriptis collecto.

The text of this Greek New Testament was later combined with the editions of Constantin von Tischendorf (Editio octava critica maior), The New Testament in the Original Greek of Westcott and Hort, and the edition of Richard Francis Weymouth. It was edited by the Württemberg Bible Society in Stuttgart. This edition eliminated the extremes of Tischendorf, such as partiality to Sinaiticus, and of Westcott and Hort, such as partiality to Vaticanus.[9]

Eberhard's son Erwin Nestle took over after his father's death and issued the 13th edition in 1927. This edition introduced a separate critical apparatus and finally introduced consistency to the majority reading principle.[10] In the apparatus only a few minuscules were included.[11]

Kurt Aland became the associate editor of the 21st edition in 1952. At Erwin Nestle's request, he reviewed and expanded the critical apparatus, adding many more manuscripts. This eventually led to the 25th edition of 1963. The most important Papyri and newly discovered Uncials, as 0189, a few Minuscules (33, 614, 2814), occasionally also lectionaries were taken into account.[12]

Members of the Editorial Committee of the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament comprise:

  • UBS1, 1966
Kurt Aland, Matthew Black, Bruce Metzger, Allen Wikgren.[13]
  • UBS2, 1968
Kurt Aland, Matthew Black, Bruce Metzger, Allen Wikgren.
  • UBS3, 1975
Kurt Aland, Matthew Black, Carlo Maria Martini, Bruce Metzger, Allen Wikgren.
  • UBS4, 1993
Barbara Aland, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo Maria Martini, Bruce Metzger
  • UBS5, 2014
Barbara Aland, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo Maria Martini, Bruce Metzger in co-operation with the Institute for New Testament Textual Research, Münster[14]

In 2011 the Global Board of the United Bible Societies appointed a new editorial committee that will prepare future editions of the Nestle–Aland Novum Testamentum Graece as well as of the Greek New Testament. The committee consists of Christos Karakolis (University of Athens, Greece), David Parker (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom), Stephen Pisano (Pontifical Biblical Institute, Italy, a university of the Holy See[15]), Holger Strutwolf (University Münster, Germany), David Trobisch (Museum of the Bible/Green Collection Oklahoma City, US) and Klaus Wachtel (University Münster, Germany).[16]

A more complete set of variants is listed in the multiple volume Novum Testamentum Graecum – Editio Critica Maior. A small number of textual changes in the most current edition were incorporated in the 28th edition of the Nestle–Aland,[17] published in 2012. Papyri 117-127 were used in this edition.

Current editions

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The NA28 text is published by Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft (the German Bible Society).[18]

  • Greek:
    • Novum Testamentum Graece, Standard 28th edition, ISBN 978-3-438-05140-0 (2012).
    • Novum Testamentum Graece, Large Print 27th edition, ISBN 978-3-438-05103-5 (1993).
    • Novum Testamentum Graece, Wide Margin 27th edition, ISBN 978-3-438-05135-6
    • Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th edition with A Concise Greek-English Dictionary of the New Testament (by B. M. Newman), ISBN 978-3-438-05160-8
    • Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th edition with Greek-German Dictionary, ISBN 978-3-438-05159-2
    • Biblia Sacra Utriusque Testamenti Editio Hebraica et Graeca (NA27 with the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia), ISBN 978-3-438-05250-6
  • Diglot:

Accuracy of manuscripts

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In The Text of the New Testament, Kurt and Barbara Aland compare the total number of variant-free verses, and the number of variants per page (excluding orthographic errors), among the seven major editions of the Greek NT (Tischendorf, Westcott-Hort, von Soden, Vogels, Merk, Bover, and Nestle–Aland) concluding 62.9%, or 4999/7947, agreement.[19] They concluded, "Thus in nearly two-thirds of the New Testament text, the seven editions of the Greek New Testament which we have reviewed are in complete accord, with no differences other than in orthographical details (e.g., the spelling of names, etc.). Verses in which any one of the seven editions differs by a single word are not counted. This result is quite amazing, demonstrating a far greater agreement among the Greek texts of the New Testament during the past century than textual scholars would have suspected […]. In the Gospels, Acts, and Revelation the agreement is less, while in the letters it is much greater."[19] For over 250 years, New Testament apologists have argued that no textual variant affects key Christian doctrine.[20]

Book Verses Variant-free verses Percentage Average variants per page
Matthew 1071 642 59.9% 6.8
Mark 678 306 45.1% 10.3
Luke 1151 658 57.2% 6.9
John 869 450 51.8% 8.5
Acts 1006 677 67.3% 4.2
Romans 433 327 75.5% 2.9
1 Corinthians 437 331 75.7% 3.5
2 Corinthians 256 200 78.1% 2.8
Galatians 149 114 76.5% 3.3
Ephesians 155 118 76.1% 2.9
Philippians 104 73 70.2% 2.5
Colossians 95 69 72.6% 3.4
1 Thessalonians 89 61 68.5% 4.1
2 Thessalonians 47 34 72.3% 3.1
1 Timothy 113 92 81.4% 2.9
2 Timothy 83 66 79.5% 2.8
Titus 46 33 71.7% 2.3
Philemon 25 19 76.0% 5.1
Hebrews 303 234 77.2% 2.9
James 108 66 61.6% 5.6
1 Peter 105 70 66.6% 5.7
2 Peter 61 32 52.5% 6.5
1 John 105 76 72.4% 2.8
2 John 13 8 61.5% 4.5
3 John 15 11 73.3% 3.2
Jude 25 18 72.0% 4.2
Revelation 405 214 52.8% 5.1
Total 7947 4999 62.9%  

Influence

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A 2008 comparison of the textual and stylistic choices of twenty translations against 15,000 variant readings shows the following rank of agreement with the Nestle–Aland 27th edition:[21]

Abbreviation Name Relative agreement
NASB New American Standard Bible 1
ASV American Standard Version 2
NASB New American Standard (1995 update) 3
NAB New American Bible 4
ESV English Standard Version 5
HCS Holman Christian Standard 6
NRSV New Revised Standard Version 7
NET New English Translation 8
RSV Revised Standard Version 9
NIV New International Version 10
NJB New Jerusalem Bible 11
REB Revised English Bible 12
JNT Jewish New Testament 13
GNB Good News Bible 14
NLT New Living Translation 15
DRA Douay-Rheims (American edition) 16
TLB The Living Bible 17
MRD Murdock Peshitta translation 18
NKJV New King James Version 19
KJV King James Version 20

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Robinson, Maurice A. and William G. Pierpont (2005). The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform. Southborough: Chilton.
  2. ^ Pickering, Wilbur (2012). The Identity of the New Testament Text III. Eugene: Wipf and Stock.
  3. ^ Quarles, Charles L.; Kellum, L. Scott (2023-06-20). 40 Questions About the Text and Canon of the New Testament. Kregel Publications. ISBN 978-0-8254-7590-0.
  4. ^ Robinson, Maurice. "New Testament Textual Criticism: The Case for Byzantine Priority". TC: A Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism.
  5. ^ Fee, Gordon (1979). "A Critique of W. N. Pickering's The Identity of the New Testament Text" Westminster Theological Journal, 41. 397–423.
  6. ^ Metzger, Bruce (1992). The Text of the New Testament. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 290–293.
  7. ^ a b Novum Testamentum Graece (1993) Barbara and Kurt Aland, eds. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 12*.
  8. ^ Elliott, J. K. (1996). "A Comparison of Two Recent Greek New Testaments", The Expository Times, Volume 107, Number 4, pages 105–106.
  9. ^ Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 20. ISBN 0-8028-4098-1.
  10. ^ Aland, Kurt and Barbara (1989). The Text of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. p. 20. ISBN 9780802840981.
  11. ^ Holmes 2003, p. 127.
  12. ^ Holmes 2003, p. 128.
  13. ^ The Greek New Testament and its history– The Scholarly Bible Portal of the German Bible Society. Archived 2017-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Comparison NA28 – UBS5 – The Scholarly Bible Portal of the German Bible Society.
  15. ^ CENNI STORICI E FINALITA’ – Pontificio Istituto Biblico – 2011.
  16. ^ New editorial committee appointed in 2011 by the United Bible Societies – The Scholarly Bible Portal of the German Bible Society.
  17. ^ University of Bremen list of textual updates for Nestle–Aland 28 Archived 2008-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Novum Testamentum Graece History, German Bible Society, Retrieved February 19, 2021
  19. ^ a b Aland, K.; Aland, B. (1995) The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions & to the Theory & Practice of Modern Textual Criticism, op. cit., pp. 29–30.
  20. ^ Wallace, Daniel. "The Majority Text and the Original Text: Are They Identical?". Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  21. ^ Clontz, T.E. (2008), The Comprehensive New Testament. Clewiston: Cornerstone Publications. ii, iii, vii; graphs on iii and back cover.

Bibliography

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  • Holmes, Michael W. (2003). "From Nestle to the 'Editio Critica Maior'". The Bible as Book: The Transmission of the Greek Text. London. ISBN 0-7123-4727-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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