The Ngaiawang (Ngayawang) were an Aboriginal Australian people of the western Riverland area of South Australia, with a language considered part of the Lower Murray group. They are now considered extinct. They have sometimes been referred to as part of the Meru people, a larger grouping which could also include the Ngawait and Erawirung peoples.[1][2] They were called Birta by the Kaurna and Ngadjuri peoples, variations of Murundi by the Jarildekald people, and were also known various other terms and spellings.
Language
editThe Ngayawung language belonged to the Lower Murray language branch of the Pama–Nyungan family.
Country
editThe Ngaiawang lived in an area of some 6,200 square kilometres (2,400 sq mi) ranging along the Murray River from Herman Landing (Nildottie) to Penn Reach (near Qualco). The western boundary was formed by the scarp of the Mount Lofty Ranges. To the south, the tribal territory ended at Ngautngaut (Devon Downs) rock shelter, the first area to be subject to archaeological excavation (by Norman Tindale and Herbert Hale of the South Australian Museum) and the first formal archaeological excavation undertaken in Australia.[3][4][5]
Society
editThe Ngaiawang consisted of some ten clans or peoples, among which were the Molo people. They did not practice circumcision, and were derided for this by the Kaurna, whose derogative exonym for them, Paruru, meant "uncircumcised" or "animal".[3]
History
editThe first recorded encounter of the Ngaiawang with Europeans occurred when the explorer Edward John Eyre came across them at Lake Bonney.[3] When Eyre returned to England in 1845, onboard the Symmetry, he took two Ngaiawang boys with him, one of who was Warrulan.[6][7]
Alternative names
edit- Aiawung, Aiawong (given by Eyre, who, according to Tindale, was tone deaf to the initial ng sound).
- Birta (Kaurna and Ngadjuri term)
- Iawung
- Karn-brikolenbola (horde at Moorunde).
- Meru (term for man).
- Moorunde, Moorundee, Moorundie
- Murundi (Jarildekald term for the Murray River upriver from Lake Alexandrina and place name south of Blanchetown).
- Naiawu (a language name); Niawoo
- Ngaiawung
- Ngaijawa, Ngaiyawa
- Ngaiyau
- Nggauaiyo-wangko
- Paruru (Kaurna term meaning "uncircumcised" (also "animal") to denote the Ngaiawang and other Murray River tribes
- Pijita, Pitta, Pieta, Peeita
- Wakanuwan (name applied by the Jarildekald to this, the Nganguruku, and other tribes; they called the language Walkalde).
Source: Tindale 1974
Notes
editCitations
edit- ^ Clarke, Philip (2009). "Chapter 6. Aboriginal culture and the Riverine environment". In Jennings, John T. (ed.). Natural History of the Riverland and Murraylands. Occasional Publications of the Royal Society of South Australia Inc. No. 9. Includes Tindale's Tribal Map of the South Australian section of the Murray Basin. Museum Archives, South Australian Museum. © Tony Tindale and Beryl George, 1974. Royal Society of South Australia Inc. pp. 142–161. ISBN 978-0-9596627-9-5. Retrieved 27 August 2020 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ "Aboriginal communities". People of the Murray River. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ a b c Tindale 1974.
- ^ Mulvaney 2015.
- ^ Research Data Australia: Ngaut Ngaut.
- ^ Anonymous (17 December 1844). "Sailing of the 'Symmetry'". The South Australian: 2. Wikidata Q105993968.
{{cite journal}}:|author1=has generic name (help) - ^ Sari Braithwaite; Tom Gara; Jane Lydon (June 2011). "From Moorundie to Buckingham Palace: Images of "King" Tenberry and his son Warrulan, 1845–55". Journal of Australian Studies. 35 (2): 165–184. doi:10.1080/14443058.2011.560576. ISSN 1444-3058. Wikidata Q105946256.
Sources
edit- Mulvaney, DJ (27 May 2015). "Archaeology". SA History Hub. History Trust of South Australia. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- "Ngaut Ngaut (Devon Downs) Excavation Assemblage". Research Data Australia. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Ngaiawang (SA)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.