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City of Sydney

(Redirected from Municipal Council of Sydney)
This article is about the local government area. For the metropolitan area, see Sydney. For the city centre of Sydney, see Sydney central business district.

The City of Sydney is the local government area covering the Sydney central business district and surrounding inner city suburbs of the greater metropolitan area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Established by Act of Parliament in 1842, the City of Sydney is the oldest, and the oldest-surviving, local government authority in New South Wales, and the second-oldest in Australia, with only the City of Adelaide being older by two years.

City of Sydney
New South Wales
Location in Metropolitan Sydney
Coordinates33°52′S 151°12′E / 33.867°S 151.200°E / -33.867; 151.200
Population211,632 (2021 census)[1] (17th)
 • Density8,470/km2 (21,900/sq mi)
Established20 July 1842
Area25 km2 (9.7 sq mi)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10)
 • Summer (DST)AEDT (UTC+11)
Lord MayorClover Moore
Council seatSydney CBD (Town Hall)
RegionCentral Sydney
State electorate(s)
Federal division(s)
WebsiteCity of Sydney
LGAs around City of Sydney:
Lane Cove North Sydney Mosman
Inner West City of Sydney Woollahra
Inner West Bayside Randwick

Given its prominent position, historically, geographically, economically and socially, the City of Sydney has long been a source of political interest and intrigue. As a result of this, the boundaries, constitution and legal basis of the council have changed many times throughout its history, often to suit the governing party of the State of New South Wales. The City of Sydney is currently governed under the City of Sydney Act, 1988, which defines and limits the powers, election method, constitution and boundaries of the council area. On 6 February 2004, the former local government area of the City of South Sydney, which itself had been created in 1989 from areas formerly part of the City of Sydney (including Alexandria, Darlington, Erskineville, Newtown and Redfern), was formally merged into the City of Sydney and the current city boundaries date from this merger.

The leader of the City of Sydney is known as the Lord Mayor of Sydney, currently held since 27 March 2004 by Clover Moore, who also served concurrently as the state Member of Parliament for Sydney and Bligh from 1988 to 2012.

Suburbs and localities in the local government area

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Suburbs within or partially within the City of Sydney are:

Localities in the City of Sydney are:

History

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See also: Coat of arms of Sydney and Flag of the City of Sydney
 
Lower George Street, Sydney in about 1828
 
The City of Sydney flag, designed in 1908
 
The 1996 redesign of the City of Sydney coat of arms
 
City Council chambers, Sydney, 1840s

The name Sydney comes from "Sydney Cove" which is where the English Governor (later Admiral) Arthur Phillip established the first settlement, after arriving with the First Fleet. On 26 January 1788, he named it after Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, who was the Home Secretary at the time, and the man responsible for the plan for the convict colony in Australia.

The "City of Sydney" was established on 20 July 1842[3] by the Corporation Act which encompasses present-day Woolloomooloo, Surry Hills, Chippendale and Pyrmont, an area of 11.65 km2. There were six wards established by boundary posts. These wards were: Gipps, Brisbane, Macquarie, Bourke, Cook and Phillip. A boundary post still exists in front of Sydney Square.

The boundaries of the City of Sydney have changed fairly regularly since 1900. The bankrupt Municipality of Camperdown was merged with the city in 1909. As a result of the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948, the municipalities of Alexandria, Darlington, Erskineville, Newtown, Redfern, The Glebe, Waterloo, and Paddington were added to the city. In 1968 the boundaries were changed and many of these suburbs moved to be part of a new municipality of South Sydney. South Sydney was brought back into the city in 1982, but became separate again under the City of Sydney Act of 1988 and then became smaller than its original size at 6.19 km2. It grew again in February 2004 with the merger of the two council areas, and now has a population of approximately 170,000 people.

These changes in boundaries have often resulted in control of the council by the governing party in the Parliament of New South Wales at the time; the Labor Party often sought to have traditional working-class suburbs like Redfern, Erskineville, Alexandria and Waterloo included in the council area, and the Liberal Party and its predecessors often desired a smaller council area focused on inner-Sydney or a limited/broader voting franchise. A 1987 re-organisation initiated by a Labor state government and completed in 1989 under a Liberal Coalition government saw the City of Sydney split again, with southern suburbs forming the City of South Sydney, a moved that advantaged the government of the day, as the southern suburbs now in South Sydney Council had traditionally voted Labor.[4][5]

On 8 May 2003 the Labor state Government partially undid this change, when approximately 40% of the South Sydney City Council area was merged back into the City of Sydney including Camperdown, Chippendale, Darlington, East Sydney, Kings Cross and Woolloomooloo. Glebe was also transferred back from Leichhardt Council to the City of Sydney.[6] On 6 February 2004, the remaining parts of the South Sydney City Council were merged into the City of Sydney. Critics claimed that this was performed with the intention of creating a "super-council" which would be under the control of Labor, which also controlled the NSW Government. Subsequent to this merger, an election took place on 27 March 2004 which resulted in the independent candidate Clover Moore defeating the high-profile Labor candidate, former federal minister Michael Lee and winning the position of Lord Mayor.[4]

Boundary changes

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  •  
    Boundaries 1870–1908
  •  
    Boundaries 1908–1948
  •  
    Boundaries 1949–1968
  •  
    Boundaries 1968–1982
  •  
    Boundaries 1982–1988
  •  
    Boundaries 1989–2003
  •  
    Boundaries 2003–2004

Demographics

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At the 2021 census, there were 211,632 people in the Sydney local government area, of these 52.3% were male and 47.7% were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1.4% of the population. The median age of people in the City of Sydney was 34 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 7.6% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 9.7% of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 25.2% were married and 9.8% were either divorced or separated.[1]

Population growth in the City of Sydney between the 2006 Census and the 2011 Census was 4.57%; with a significant increase of 22.93% between 2011 and 2016; and a more modest increase of 1.56% between 2016 and 2021 likely as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. When compared with total population growth of Australia of 8.81% between 2011 and 2016, population growth in the Sydney local government area was almost triple the national average.[1] The median weekly income for residents within the City of Sydney was just under 1.5 times the national average.[7][8]

The proportion of dwellings in the City of Sydney that are apartments or units is 78.5%, which is substantially different from the Australian average of 14.2%. The proportion of residents in the Sydney local government area that claimed Australian ancestry was approximately half the national average.[1]

Selected historical census data for Sydney local government area
Census year 2001[9][10] a 2006[11] 2011[8] 2016[7] 2021 [1]
Population Estimated residents on census night 137,641 156,571 169,505 208,374 211,632
LGA rank in terms of size within New South Wales 10th  8th  12th
% of New South Wales population 2.18%   2.39%   2.45%   2.79%   2.62%
% of Australian population   0.73%   0.79%   0.79%   0.89%   0.83%
Estimated ATSI population on census night 1,993   1,982   2,175  2,413  3,009
% of ATSI population to residents 1.4%   1.3%   1.3%   1.2%   1.4%
Median weekly incomes
Personal income Median weekly personal income A$717 A$888 A$953 $A1,241
% of Australian median income 153.9%   153.9%   144.0%   154.2%
Family income Median weekly family income A$1,204 A$2,273 $A2,524 $A3,057
% of Australian median income 117.2%   153.5%   145.6%   144.2%
Household income Median weekly household income A$1,819 A$1,639 A$1,926 A$2,212
% of Australian median income 105.9%   132.8%   133.9%   126.7%
Dwelling structure
Dwelling type Flat or apartment 61.6%   73.7%   73.6%   77.1%   78.5%
Semi-detached, terrace or townhouse 22.9%   20.2%   21.2%   19.7%   18.3%
Separate house 2.8%   4.9%   4.2%   2.0%   2.1%
Other dwellings 1.5%   1.0%   0.3%   0.5%   0.6%
Unoccupied dwellings 10.2%   8.5%   11.2%   11.9%   16.1%
Selected historical census data for Sydney local government area
Ancestry, top responses
2001[9]a 2006[11] 2011[8] 2016[7] 2021[1]
No Data No Data English 19.3% English   18.1% English 25.1%
Australian 13.9% Chinese   13.4% Australian 16.8%
Chinese 9.7% Australian   11.9% Chinese 16.8%
Irish 8.5% Irish   8.0% Irish 10.7%
Scottish 5.8% Scottish   5.3% Scottish 7.5%
Country of Birth, top responses
2001[9]a 2006[11] 2011[8] 2016[7] 2021[1]
Australia 41.1% Australia   40.5% Australia   44.0% Australia   39.4% Australia   44.6%
United Kingdom 5.0% England   4.2% China   5.4% China   9.7% China   7.8%
New Zealand 3.5% China   3.5% England   4.9% England   4.5% England   4.8%
China 2.2% New Zealand   3.0% New Zealand   3.3% Thailand   3.3% Thailand   3.0%
Indonesia 1.9% Indonesia   2.0% Indonesia   2.2% New Zealand   2.6% Indonesia   2.7%
Hong Kong 1.0% South Korea   1.6% Thailand   2.1% Indonesia   2.5% New Zealand   2.7%
Language, top responses (other than English)
2001[9]a 2006[11] 2011[8] 2016[7] 2021[1]
Cantonese 2.9% Mandarin   3.7% Mandarin   5.1% Mandarin   9.9% Mandarin   8.6%
Mandarin 2.2% Cantonese   3.3% Cantonese   3.2% Thai   3.2% Cantonese   2.8%
Indonesian 1.6% Indonesian   1.7% Thai   2.1% Cantonese   2.9% Thai   2.8%
Greek 1.5% Korean   1.6% Indonesian   1.9% Indonesian   2.2% Spanish   2.4%
Russian 1.2% Greek   1.3% Korean   1.6% Spanish   1.7% Indonesian   2.1%
Religious affiliation, top responses
2001[9]a 2006[11] 2011[8] 2016[7] 2021[1]
No Religion 19.0% No Religion   23.7% No Religion   33.6% No Religion   43.2% No Religion   51.0%
Catholic 18.4% Catholic   18.3% Catholic   19.0% Not Stated 15.8% Catholic   15.2%
Anglican 11.1% Anglican   10.0% Anglican   9.0% Catholic   15.4% Not Stated 8.4%
Buddhism 4.2% Buddhism   5.2% Buddhism   6.5% Buddhism   7.0% Buddhism   6.5%
Eastern Orthodox 2.7% Eastern Orthodox   2.6% Eastern Orthodox   2.6% Anglican   5.8% Anglican   4.9%
^a  2001 Census data comprise the sum of the former South Sydney and the former Sydney local government areas with the addition of localities Glebe and Forest Lodge.

Council

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See also: List of mayors, lord mayors and administrators of Sydney
 
The Sydney Town Hall, seat of the City Council
Lord Mayor Term Notes
Lord Mayor Clover Moore 27 March 2004 – present MP for Sydney and Bligh 1988–2012.[12][13][14]
Deputy Lord Mayor Zann Maxwell 10 October 2024 – present [15]
Chief Executive Officer Term Notes
Monica Barone 7 August 2006 – present [16]

Current composition and election method

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Sydney City Council is composed of ten Councillors, including the Lord Mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The Lord Mayor is directly elected while the nine other Councillors are elected proportionally. The Deputy Lord Mayor is elected annually by the councillors.

The most recent election was held on 14 September 2024, and the makeup of the council, including the Lord Mayor, is as follows:[17]

Party Councillors
Clover Moore Independent Team 4
  Australian Labor Party 2
  The Greens 2
  Liberal Party of Australia 1
  Independent 1
Total 10

The current Council, elected in 2024, in order of election, is:[18][19]

Lord Mayor Party Notes
Clover Moore Clover Moore Independents Lord Mayor, 2004–present.
Councillor Party Notes
  Zann Maxwell Labor Deputy Lord Mayor, 2024-present.
  Lyndon Gannon Liberal
  Sylvie Ellsmore Greens Marrickville Council Councillor, 2012–2016; Deputy Lord Mayor, 2022–2023.
Robert Kok Clover Moore Independents Elected 2008; Deputy Lord Mayor, 2011–2012, 2023–2024
Jess Miller Clover Moore Independents
Adam Worling Clover Moore Independents
  Mitch Wilson Labor
  Yvonne Weldon Independent
  Matthew Thompson Greens

Business vote

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Unlike all other local government area in NSW (which are governed under the Local Government Act, 1993), the City of Sydney is governed under the City of Sydney Act, 1988. On 25 September 2014, the NSW Liberal/National Coalition Government of Mike Baird, in conjunction with the Shooters and Fishers Party in the Legislative Council, passed the City of Sydney Amendment (Elections) Act, 2014, which allowed businesses to have two votes each in City of Sydney elections via a compulsory non-resident register that is maintained at the expense of the City Council.[20][21][22]

Implemented for the 2016 election and maintained by Council at an annual cost of $1.7 million, the additional business roll was widely criticised as being an infringement on the democratic process and an attempt to gerrymander election results by the Liberal/National Coalition.[23][24][25][26][27] At the time of the bill ABC election analyst, Antony Green, noted: "For eight decades both sides of NSW politics have viewed Sydney's Lord Mayoralty as a bauble to be delivered as soon as possible to someone that the new government thinks is right and proper to hold the position [...] Given the history ... it is a little difficult to view the proposed changes as anything other than being a state government trying again to get its way on who should be Lord Mayor of Sydney."[28]

The Lord Mayor Clover Moore also expressed her opposition, seeing it as another attempt to attack her administration and that the new compulsory business register "placed an unworkable and costly burden on the council [...] One of the great flaws of the legislation was that it gives businesses two votes and residents just one, completely reversing one of the founding principles of Australia’s democracy: one vote, one value. [It] was not about business voting at all – it was about manipulating democracy."[23] Moore's position has been supported by several community groups and also Labor Councillor and President of Local Government NSW, Linda Scott, who expressed her view that the business vote is "complex, costly and has no clear public benefit."[23] However, one supporter of the business vote was former councillor Angela Vithoulkas: "Businesses and property owners pay over 72% of the rates [in the City of Sydney], they deserve to have a voice and exercise their democratic right."[29] Following the 2021 council elections, the NSW Electoral Commission issued 18,501 failure to vote notices and fines to non-residential electors in the City of Sydney, representing 39% of all non-residential electors for the area.[30]

On 13 September 2023, Ron Hoenig, the Minister for Local Government in the new Labor state government of Chris Minns, announced that the government had introduced the City of Sydney Amendment Bill 2023 and planned to be implemented at the next elections scheduled for September 2024, that would reverse the 2014 amendment act and remove the compulsory double business voting roll, and return to the system of optional single business voting.[30][31] On this announcement Hoenig commented: "The amendments were made by the Liberals in a brazen attempt to oust Sydney Lord Mayor Clover Moore from office and give the party an electoral advantage in controlling the Sydney Town Hall. As expected, the amendments have clearly missed their target with thousands of non-resident ratepayers being slugged with fines for not voting instead. For nearly a decade, City of Sydney ratepayers have also been forced to foot an annual bill of approximately $1 million to maintain the non-residential electoral roll. Nowhere else in this state do we see one group of voters favoured in this way. It erodes the democratic process and undermines the vital importance of giving residents and ratepayers a balanced voice in local council elections."[30] The City of Sydney Amendment Act 2023 passed the Parliament on 21 September, and received royal assent from the Governor on 27 September 2023, returning to the optional single business vote in city elections.[32]

Policies, services and initiatives

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Environment

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Further information: Climate change in Australia

The City of Sydney has adopted various policies to reduce the council's climate impact, including strategies implemented since the 2000s to reduce car pollution by investing in mass and public transit[33] and introducing a fleet of 10 new Nissan Leaf electric cars, the largest order of the vehicle in Australia.[34] The council has also invested in bicycle infrastructure, and cycling trips have increased by 113% across Sydney's inner-city since March 2010, with approximately 2,000 bikes passing through top peak-hour intersections on an average weekday.[35]

The City of Sydney became the first council in Australia to achieve formal certification as carbon-neutral in 2008.[36][37] The city has reduced its 2007 carbon emissions by 6% and since 2006 has reduced carbon emissions from city buildings by up to 20%.[35][38] In 2008, the council adopted the Sustainable Sydney 2030 programme, which outlined various energy targets, such as a comprehensive plan to reduce energy in homes and offices within Sydney by 30%.[35][39] In the commercial space, reductions in energy consumption have decreased energy bills by $30 million a year in more than half of office spaces, and solar panels] have been installed on many CBD buildings in an effort to minimise carbon pollution by around 3,000 tonnes a year.[40][41] Sydney has become a leader in the development of green office buildings and enforcing the requirement of all building proposals to be energy-efficient.

The One Central Park development, completed in 2013, is an example of this implementation and design.[42][43][44][45] Proposals to make all of Sydney's future buildings sustainable and environmentally friendly by using recycled water, rooftop gardens, efficient and renewable energy.

Sydney Peace Prize

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The City of Sydney is a major supporter of the Sydney Peace Prize.

Libraries

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Main article: City of Sydney Library

Sister cities

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Sydney City Council maintains sister city relations with the following cities:[46]

Friendship cities

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Sydney (C)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 26 June 2023.  
  2. ^ "Regional population, 2019-20 financial year | Australian Bureau of Statistics". 29 November 2021.
  3. ^ "History of Sydney City Council" (PDF). City of Sydney. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
  4. ^ a b Green, Antony (5 September 2014). "NSW Parliament looks to stack Sydney City Council - again!". Antony Green's Election Blog - ABC Elections. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  5. ^ Dias, Avani (7 September 2017). "Cabinet papers reveal 1987 decision to sack Sydney council just as Clover Moore set to run for mayor". ABC News. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  6. ^ "Historic Council Boundaries". City of Sydney Data Hub. City of Sydney. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Sydney (C)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 30 June 2017.  
  8. ^ a b c d e f Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Sydney (C)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 30 June 2017.  
  9. ^ a b c d e Australian Bureau of Statistics (9 March 2006). "Sydney (C)". 2001 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 11 November 2012.  
  10. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (9 March 2006). "South Sydney (C)". 2001 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 11 November 2012.  
  11. ^ a b c d e Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Sydney (C)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  12. ^ "Ms Clover Moore (1945- )". Members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  13. ^ Visentin, Lisa; Robertson, James (11 September 2016). "Clover Moore wins record fourth term as Sydney lord mayor". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  14. ^ "Meet the City of Sydney's new councillors" (Media Release). City of Sydney. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  15. ^ Sydney, City of. "Hear ye, hear ye! Your new City of Sydney Council | City of Sydney - News". news.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  16. ^ "City of Sydney CEO appointed" (Press release). City of Sydney. 7 August 2006. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  17. ^ "City of Sydney - Elections". vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  18. ^ "City of Sydney - Mayoral Election results". vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  19. ^ "City of Sydney". vtr.elections.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  20. ^ "City of Sydney Amendment (Elections) Act 2014 No 50". Legislation NSW. NSW Government. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  21. ^ Osborne-Crowley, Lucia (11 September 2014). "A history of the business vote". City Hub Sydney. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  22. ^ "Register to vote as a non-resident property owner, occupier or rate-paying lessee". City of Sydney. 3 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  23. ^ a b c O'Sullivan, Matt (12 July 2021). "Cost to ratepayers of businesses voting in City of Sydney election nears $13m". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  24. ^ Bastians, Kate (10 June 2016). "City of Sydney election: Doubling businesses' votes favours Liberals- political analyst". Wentworth Courier. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  25. ^ Thomsen, Simon (13 August 2014). "NSW Government Plans To Give Business 2 Votes Each In City Of Sydney Council Elections". Business Insider Australia. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  26. ^ Raue, Ben (5 September 2016). "City of Sydney council election: business vote the latest battleground in long war". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  27. ^ Chuter, Andrew (1 November 2021). "Residents push for an end to rigged City of Sydney vote". Green Left. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  28. ^ Green, Antony (5 September 2014). "NSW Parliament looks to stack Sydney City Council - again!". ABC News - Antony Green's Election Blog. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  29. ^ Simos, Andriana (27 September 2021). "'Make your voice heard': Angela Vithoulkas on business vote in council elections". The Greek Herald. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  30. ^ a b c Hoenig, Ron (13 September 2023). "Fairer democratic elections to return for City of Sydney" (Media Release). Office of Local Government NSW. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  31. ^ "'North Korea would be proud': Labor to unwind Coalition 'get Clover' laws". Sydney Morning Herald. 31 May 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  32. ^ "City of Sydney Amendment Act 2023 No 27". legislation.nsw.gov.au. NSW Government. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  33. ^ "Buses and the Environment". State Transit Authority. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  34. ^ "City clears the way on pollution-free car fleet". sydneymedia.com.au. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  35. ^ a b c "Achievements – City of Sydney". cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  36. ^ "Sydney Water to become carbon neutral". The Age. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  37. ^ "Sydney Becomes Australia's First Carbon-Neutral Government Body". treehugger.com. 5 September 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  38. ^ "It's official: Sydney is first carbon-neutral council". SydneyMedia.com.au. 9 November 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  39. ^ "Building owners applaud city's ambitious master plan". climatecontrolnews.com.au. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  40. ^ "Sydney businesses cotton on: climate change action is good for the bottom line". The Guardian (UK). 18 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  41. ^ "City of Sydney extends solar roll out to historic Rocks". RenewEconomy.com. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  42. ^ "'Greenest' Sydney building using rainforest timber". Sydney Morning Herald. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  43. ^ "One Central Park Gardens". Frasers Property. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  44. ^ "Central Park Sydney – Architecture". Frasers Property. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  45. ^ "Sydney Central Park project shows sustainable living". Australian Financial Review. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  46. ^ "Sister cities: City of Sydney". 22 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  47. ^ "Joint Sister Cities Declaration" (PDF). City of Sydney. 21 February 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021. Based on the City of Sydney's guidelines for sister city relationships, the City of Chicago will be considered a "friendship city." Based on the City of Chicago's guidelines for sister city relationships, the City of Sydney will be considered a "sister city."
  48. ^ 武汉国际友好城市一览表 [List of sister cities of Wuhan]. www.whfao.gov.cn（Foreign Affairs Office of Wuhan Municipal Government）. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
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