The Mungo River is a large river in Cameroon that drains the mountains in the southern portion of the Cameroon line of active and extinct volcanoes.[1]
Course
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The Mungo river has a catchment area of 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi).[2] The river is 150 kilometres (93 mi) long, rising in the Rumpi Hills and swelled by tributaries from Mount Kupe and the Bakossi mountains. The river is navigable south of Mundame for about 100 kilometres (62 mi) as it flows through the coastal plain before entering mangrove swamps, where it splits into numerous small channels that empty into the Cameroon estuary complex.[3] The estuary, which is also fed rivers such as the Wouri and Dibamba, in turn discharges into the Gulf of Guinea at Douala Point.[4] The tidal bores in the bay travels as far as 40 kilometres (25 mi) up the river. In this section of the river, large flats and sand banks are exposed at low tide.[5]
A European visitor said of the lower reaches of the river in 1896: "The banks of the Mungo are magnificently covered with forests ... and everything here teems with life. One can see sea eagles, herons, snakes and monkeys, as well as multicolored parrots on the trees, while on the surface of the water there dance butterflies and dragonflies the size of sparrows. Now and then one hears the trumpeting of elephants, the cry of predators, and the melancholy and monotonous honking of the iguana." He noted that about 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the mouth of the river the forest began to be cleared for cultivation of plantains, cocoyams, corn and sugar cane.[6]
History
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A Swede named Knut Knutson lived for some years in the upper Mungo valley at a time when the Germans were asserting their claim over the area as a colony. He provides an interesting if somewhat fanciful account of traditions that a "Biaffra" tribe, based on the upper Mungo, once ruled an extensive kingdom stretching as far north as Lake Chad and south to the Congo River.[7] Another early European exploration of the river was undertaken by the Polish explorer Stefan Szolc-Rogozinski in 1883. He was hoping to establish a free colony for Polish emigrants.[8]
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Towards the end of 1884, after the Germans had established a post at Douala, they ran into trouble with the local Duala chiefs who were encouraged by the British to resist German attempts to open direct trade with the interior. The leader on the Mungo river was King Bell, who maintained a blockade for some months but eventually was forced to yield due to disunity among his people and the power of an armed steamboat.[9] Later, the Bell's regained control for a while when the Germans turned their attention to the Sanaga River.[10]
When the German colony of Kamerun was partitioned after World War I, the Mungo River formed part of the boundary between the French and British colonies that assumed control. The border also divided the different peoples of the river valley, including the Bakossi people, although they continued to maintain close relations across the river.[11] Downstream, near the coast, the Duala and Mungo people were similarly divided.
Recent times
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Today, the river forms the boundary between the Littoral and the Southwest regions of Cameroon.[3] A bridge over the river collapsed in 2004. As of December 2006, work on construction of a replacement bridge was still in progress, and road traffic was meanwhile depending on a floating bridge, or barge.[12] The ecology of the estuary is under threat from growing pollution from industry, farming and households, threatening both fish yields and human health.[4] Notables from Mungo – E.J Embola
References
edit- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–113.
- ^ C.E. Gabche & S.V. Smith. "CAMEROON ESTUARINE SYSTEMS". Baltic Nest Institute. Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ a b Bernard P.K. Yerima; E. Van Ranst (2005). Major Soil Classification Systems Used in the Tropics:: Soils of Cameroon. Trafford Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 1-4120-5789-2.
- ^ a b C.E.Gabche and V.S.Smith (2007). "Water, Salt and Nutrients Budgets of Two Estuaries in the Coastal Zone of Cameroon" (PDF). West African Journal of Applied Ecology. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ Burghard W. Flemming; Monique T. Delafontaine; Gerd Liebezeit (2000). Muddy coast dynamics and resource management. Elsevier. p. 225. ISBN 0-444-50464-8.
- ^ Max Esser; E. M. Chilver; Ute Röschenthaler (2001). Cameroon's tycoon: Max Esser's expedition and its consequences. Berghahn Books. p. 68. ISBN 1-57181-310-1.
- ^ Knut Knutson; Shirley Ardener (2002). Swedish ventures in Cameroon, 1883–1923: trade and travel, people and politics : the memoir of Knut Knutson with supporting material. Berghahn Books. p. 75. ISBN 1-57181-311-X.
- ^ Henryk Baginski (Jan–Feb 1944). "The Sixtieth Anniversary of Rogozinski's Expedition to the Cameroons". The Geographical Journal. 103 (1/2): 72–75. doi:10.2307/1789068. JSTOR 1789068.
- ^ "The Disturbances in the Cameroons". Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events. Vol. 10. D. Appleton and company. 1886. pp. 122–123.
- ^ Austen, Ralph A.; Derrick, Jonathan (1999). Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: the Duala and their hinterland, c.1600-c.1960. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56664-9.
- ^ Piet Konings (2009). "Factors underlying the 1966 Bakossi-Bamileke confrontation". Neoliberal Bandwagonism: Civil Society and the Politics of Belonging in Anglophone Cameroon. African Books Collective. p. 40ff. ISBN 978-9956-558-23-0.
- ^ Henry Kejang (5 Dec 2006). "NEW BRIDGE SOONEST OVER MUNGO RIVER, CHIEF OF PROJECT CONFIRMS". The Sun. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-10.