Moronene is an Austronesian language spoken in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Bungku–Tolaki branch of the Celebic subgroup.
| Moronene | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 37,000 (2000)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mqn |
| Glottolog | moro1287 |
Phonology edit
Moronene has the following consonant inventory:[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | plain | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| prenasalized | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᵑk | ||||
| voiced | plain | b | d | g | |||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑg | ||||
| Fricative | β | s | h | ||||
| Flap | r | ɽ | |||||
The vowel phonemes are /a e i o u/. Sequences of two like vowels are pronounced as a long vowel, e.g. nee [ne:].[2]
Grammar edit
Word order edit
Moronene has flexible word order. However, there is a high frequency of clause-initial verbs in "connected narrative discourse." Noun phrases are not marked for case.[3] The language has prepositions.
Pronouns edit
There are two forms of pronouns, free pronouns and absolutive clitics.[2] There are singular and plural forms, there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. There is no gender, and there appears to be no present-day politeness distinction.
| Person | Free | Absolutive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | [i'?aku] ['?aku] | ['aku] ~ [’?aku] ~ ['haku] | |
| 2SG | [i'tʃoʔo] ['tʃoʔo] | [ko] | |
| 3SG | [i'a:] | [o]~[?o]~[ho] | |
| 1PL (Inclusive) | [i'tʃita] ['tʃita] | ['kita] | |
| 1PL (Exclusive) | [i'tʃami] ['tʃami] | ['kami] | |
| 2PL | [itʃo'miu] [tʃo'miu] | [ko'miu] | |
| 3PL | [i'ʔiɾa] ['ʔiɾa] | ['ʔiɾa]~['hiɾa] |
Genitive pronouns edit
There are two classes of genitive pronouns in Moronene which must be learned by speakers, which is unique among Bungku–Tolaki languages.[4] There are singular and plural forms; there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. Example (1) demonstrates the class 1 first person genitive pronoun in use with the noun 'hair'.[4]
wulu-ngku
hair-1SG.GEN
'My hair'
| Person | Class 1 | Class 2 |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG | -ngku | -ku |
| 2SG | -u, | -'u |
| 3SG | -no | -no |
| 1PL (EX.) | -mami | -mami |
| 1PL (IN) | -nto, | -to |
| 2PL | -miu | -miu |
| 3PL | -ndo, | -do |
Number edit
Moronene has a decimal numeral system.[5]
References edit
- ^ Moronene at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d Andersen, T. David (1999), "Moronene phonology" (PDF), in Wyn D. Laidig (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics, part VI, Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, pp. 1–45.
- ^ Andersen, Suree. 1999. When the Moronene say no. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 73-112. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
- ^ a b c Mead, David. 1998. Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University.
- ^ Andersen, T. David. 1999. Moronene numbers. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 1-72. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
Further reading edit
- Mead, David. 1998. Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University.
- Mead, David. 1999. The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Andersen, T. David. 1999. Moronene numbers. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 1-72. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
- Andersen, T. David. 2006. Topicality and functional voice in Hebrew and Moronene, with application to translation. (Doctoral dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary; 346pp.)
- Andersen, Suree. 1999. When the Moronene say no. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 73-112. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
- Muthalib, Abdul and Johannes F. Pattiasina and Adnan Usmar and Rambe, {}. 1983. Struktur bahasa Moronene. Ujung Pandang: PPBSIDSS. vii+136pp.