Statues and monuments of patriots on the Janiculum

There are many busts of Italian patriots of the Risorgimento, and foreigners who fought with weapons or words for the unification of Italy, on the Janiculum in Rome.

Equestrian monument dedicated to Giuseppe Garibaldi on the Janiculum

Overview

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The Roman Republic commissioned marble busts to be displayed in the gardens of the Pincian Hill on May 28, 1849, for 10,000 lire. By the end of the war, the 52 busts had been made, but because of the temporary power of the Pope they remained in warehouses on Capitoline Hill.

In June 1851, Pius IX ordered the arrangement of most of the fifty-two busts in the gardens of the Pincian Hill. He excluded some busts because they were atheists. In 1860 the sculptors Achille Stocchi and Titus Sarrocchi were commissioned to create new busts. Their busts made a total of 228.

The initial placement of the statues took place between the end of 19th and early 20th centuries; the equestrian monument dedicated to Giuseppe Garibaldi was placed in 1896. In the 1920s, during the Fascist regime, the war memorial on the Janiculum was built for the Roman cause. It preserves the remains of some patriots.

The first restoration of the statues was done in the 1960s. Later more restorations were completed for the Great Jubilee, during which a Roman villa was discovered, and new statues were restored and relocated, including those of Anita Garibaldi, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and their children.

Current monuments

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The crest of the Janiculum is dominated by the 1895 equestrian Monument to Garibaldi, designed by Italian sculptor Emilio Gallori. This site was chosen for its proximity to the Villa Doria Pamphili, where Garibaldi mounted a military defense of the short-lived Roman Republic in late April 1849.[1]

The hill also features a number of busts of historically significant Italians. All the busts were restored during 2010 and 2011, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of Italy. A 2011 guide published by the local Associazione Amilcare Cipriani group lists a total of 84 busts on the hill, 30 of them along the promenade north of the Garbaldi monument, and the rest to the south.[2] The busts have been prone to vandalism.[3]

Statues on the Janiculum

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Following is a partial list.

Name Sculptor and year of inauguration Birth and death Biography
Luigi Masi
 
Belpassi, October 3, 1897 Petrignano (Assisi), 1814 – Palermo, 1872 Staff, Brigadier General and commander of the Umbria brigade. During the second Roman republic Roman, he strenuously defended Porta Cavalleggeri, Porta Evangelica, and Leonine City with the Second Brigade of the town militia and with a light infantry battalion. He also distinguished himself during the uprising in Palermo of 1866.
Luigi Ceccarini
 
Giuseppe Trabacchi, 1893 Rome, 1819–1887 He was captain, and later major, of the papal army during the First Italian War of Independence. He fought in Venice and Vicenza. He became a colonel in 1849 and went to Rome to defend the Republic. He was excluded from the amnesty of Pius IX and went into exile in Piedmont. He also fought in the campaigns of 1859 and 1866.
Pietro Pietramellara
 
Alfredo Luzi, 1886 Bologna, 1804 – Rome, 1849 A marquis of liberal tendencies, he defended Vicenza in 1848 and defended the second Roman Republic.
Alessandro La Marmora
 
Riccardo Grifoni, June 7, 1886 Turin, March 27, 1799 – Crimea, June 7, 1855 A Piedmontese general who promoted the formation of the Bersaglieri. As a colonel, he took part in the Crimean War, where he became ill with cholera and died in 1855.
Pietro Roselli
 
Pietro Benedictines, 1886 Rome, 1808 – Ancona, 1865 As part of the papal army in 1848, he fought in the War of Independence and in 1849 defended the second Roman Republic. In 1860 he entered the regular army with the rank of lieutenant general.
Alessandro Gavazzi
 
Raffaele Cotogni, 1892 Bologna, March 21, 1809 – Rome, January 9, 1889 A Barnabite, he wrote liberal tracts from 1846 to 1847. He was chaplain of the legion of volunteers led by A. Ferrari, who fought in the Veneto. He left the Barnabites in 1848, and in 1849 defended the new republic. He went into exile for 10 years abroad before returning for the campaigns of 1859, 1860, 1866, 1867.
Angelo Masina
 
Michele Capri, 1886–1887 Bologna, 1815 – Rome, June 3, 1849 Commander of the Garibaldi Cavalry, he was killed in the Palazzo Corsini during the second defense of the Roman Republic.
Ludovico Calandrelli
 
Enrico Simonetti, 1886 Rome, 1807 – Erzurum, 1855 He was captain of the artillery that defended the Second Roman Republic.
Luciano Manara
 
Ilarioli Antonio, 1886 Milan, March 23, 1825 – Rome, June 30, 1849 He died during the second defense of the Roman Republic.
Goffredo Mameli
 
Attilio Temperoni, 1926 Genoa, September 5, 1827 – Rome, July 7, 1849 He died during the second defense of the Roman Republic.
Nino Bixio
 
Biagio Salvatore, 1887 Genoa, October 2, 1821 – Sumatra, December 16, 1873
Nicola Fabrizi
 
Modena, 1804 – Rome, 1885
Natale Del Grande
 
Giacomo Pagliari
 
Persico Dosimo, 1822 – Rome 1870 Austrian officer who died in the breach of Porta Pia
Giovanni Nicotera
 
Sambiase (Lamezia Terme), 1828 – Vico Equense, 1894
Alessandro Calandrelli
 
Rome 1805 – Albano Laziale 1888 Papal artillery commander and general
Giacinto Bruzzesi
Cerveteri, 1822 – Turate, 1900 Lieutenant of the Roman Republic, he was one of four gold medal recipients.
Filippo Cerroti
 
Rome, 1819–1892

General

Giacomo Medici
 
Milano, 1817 – Rome, 1882 Aide-de-camp to the king, senators, and marquises
Gaetano Sacchi
 
Pavia, 1824–1876
Giuseppe Avezzana
 
Chieri, 1797 – Rome, 1879

General

Francesco Daverio
 
Calcinate del Pesce (Varese) 1815 – Rome 1849 Chief of Staff of the Roman Republic, died in defense of the Casino dei Quattro Venti on the Janiculum.
Colomba Antonietti
 
Bastia Umbra, 1826 – Rome 1849

Wife of Luigi Porzi, she died at the port of St. Pancrazio

Carlo Pisacane
 
Naples, August 22, 1818 – Sanza, July 2, 1857 Famous for the landing of the 300 at Sapri
Mattia Montecchi
 
Rome, 1816–1871
Angelo Tittoni
 
Rome, 1820–1882 Commander of the Battaglione Universitario Romano in the battle of Vicenza, participated in the Roman Republic
Tommaso Salvini
 
Milan, January 1, 1829 – Florence, December 31, 1915
Gustavo Modena
 
Venice, 1803 – Turin, 1861
Ugo Bassi
Cento, August 12, 1801 – Bologna, August 8, 1849 He fought in the War of Independence, and he followed Garibaldi when he decided to continue fighting outside of Rome.He was captured by the Austrians in Bologna and executed by a firing squad.
Luigi Bartolucci
 
Cantiano, 1788 – Nice, 1859 General and friend of Garibaldi. He fought with Napoleon in the French invasion of Russia. He was captain in 1848 and deputy to the Constituent Assembly in Rome. As a General of a cavalry division of the Roman Republic, he heroically endured the French siege. After the fall of the Republic, he emigrated to England and Nice. He was awarded several orders and medals including the Legion of Honour and the order of the Iron Crown.
Righetto
 
Bronze replica of the marble L'audace Righetto of Giovanni Strazza (1818–1875) created in 1851. The brave Righetto (1851). Replica of the statue in the lobby of the grand staircase in Palazzo Litta. It portrays a 12-year-old child who died with his dog in 1849 while trying to stop a bomb during the defense of the Repubblica Romana in 1849. See Military use of children.
Menotti Garibaldi
 
Mostardas, September 16, 1840 – Rome, August 22, 1903 Son of Garibaldi
Ricciotti Garibaldi
 
1931 Montevideo, February 24, 1847 – Riofreddo, July 17, 1924 Son of Garibaldi
Constante Garibaldi
 
1932, Constantino Garibaldi Son of Ricciotti Garibaldi. He died in his early twenties in Argonne.
Bruno Garibaldi
 
1931 Son of Ricciotti Garibaldi. He died in his early twenties in Argonne.
Giacomo Venezian
September 9, 1895 Trieste, 1824 – Rome, July 2, 1849 Sergeant of the Medici Legion. In 1848 he led an unsuccessful revolutionary movement in Trieste. In 1849 he participated in the War of Independence.

He was mortally wounded by the French on June 22, 1849 while defending the Casino Barberini. He died on July 2 at age 25.

Maurizio Quadrio
 
1911, Spontini Chiavenna, 1800 – Rome, 1876 He participated in the November Uprising of 1830. He defended Rome in 1849. He went into exile in Marseille, Switzerland, and London. He was a member of the Action Party and the Italian Republican Party.
Bartolomeno Filipperi
 
1911, Giovanni Cozza Rome, 1833–1877 In 1849 he fought on the barricades of Porta San Pancrazio and the event inspired his painting La difesa del Vascello. He went into exile in Nîmes for ten years. He followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1854 and 1867.
Achille Sacchi
 
1911, Giovanni Prini Mantua, 1827–1890 A volunteer in the War of Independence, he tenaciously defended Porta San Pancrazio in 1849.

He hatched an insurrection in 1853 with Mazzini, which led to his exile in Switzerland.He participated in Garibaldi's campaigns of 1859, 1860, and 1866. Afterwards, he returned to Mantua where he directed the local insane asylum.

Quirico Filopanti
 
1911, A. Pantoresi Budrio, 1812 – Bologna, 1894 A writer with degree in mathematics and physics, he taught at the University of Bologna. He participated as a volunteer in the war of 1848. He was Deputy Secretary of the Constituent Assembly of the Roman Republic. In 1849 he went in exile in London. He was a deputy of the extreme left.
Carlo Mayr
 
1911, M. Trispiciano Ferrara, 1810–1882 A soldier with Garibaldi, who was the interior minister of the Roman Republic.He was senator of the Kingdom of Italy.
Carlo Bontemps
 
1911, Riccardo Rossi
Domenico Piva
 
1928, Enrico Quattrini Rovigo, 1826–1907 He took part in the defense of Rome in 1849 and was wounded in the head. He was captured by Austrians and was forced to enlist in the Austrian army for eight years.

He was discharged in 1860 and joined Garibaldi as a lieutenant in the Compagnia dei Mille. He became a lieutenant general.

Nino Costa
 
1911, Giovanni Cozza Rome, 1833–1877
Raffaele Tosi
 
1949, V. Mancoratti He took part in the campaigns of 1848–49, 1859–60, and 1866–67. The bust was proffered by the family.
Giuseppe Rosi
 
1912, G. Mangionello Calcara di Ussita, 1798 – Rome, 1891 He was a poet and pastor.
Oreste Tiburzi
 
1911, Aurelio Temperoni Rome, 1825–1849 He was a friend of Philip Casini.
Filippo Zamboni
 
Trieste, 1826 – Vienna, 1910 When he was 22 years old, he took part in the defense of the Roman Republic. He taught literature in the Accademia Commerciale di Vicenza.
Alessandro MelonI
 
1941, C. Docchi Imola, 1813 – Rome, 1849 As a young man he fought in 1848 in Vicenza and Venice. He was made a captain. He took part in the defense of Rome in 1849 and at Porta S. Pancrazio was mortally wounded in front of Garibaldi who promoted him to Major on the day of his death.
Bernardo Serafini
 
Serungarina, 1822–1906 He was a liberal who conspired against the papal government. He fought in the War of Independence in Sicily. He was a deputy until 1886, when he joined the Senate.
Raffaele De Benedetto
 
1941, Benedetto De Lisi PalermoRome, 1867 A major under Garibaldi, he died during the 1867 Rome insurrection.
John Whitehead Peard
 
Giovanni Paganucci – 1904 set in Janiculum Fowey 1811 – Trenython, 1880 British captain and lawyer, colonel in Garibaldi's Expedition 1860, known as “Garibaldi’s Englishman”.

References

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  1. ^ The Architecture of Modern Italy: Vol. 1: The Challenge of Tradition, 1750–1900, by Terry Kirk, 2005, page 239
  2. ^ http://www.appasseggio.it/getFile.php?id=306 (Italian-language; pdf file)
  3. ^ "Italian Capital of Rome Grapples with Endless Vandalism". artdaily.com.
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  Media related to Busts in the Gianicolo park (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons

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